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BOSTON AND HER 
STORY 



FREDERICK A. GUINDON 

SUB-MASTER BUNKER HILL SCHOOL 
BOSTON, MASS. 



D. C. HEATH & CO, PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 



^75 



Copyright, 192 i. 
By D. C. Heath & Co. 



2 E I 



Jun lO 1^21 



©CI.A617284 



PREFACE 

The purpose of this book is to tell the story of Boston in a simple 
and interesting way, which will appeal especially to pupils of the 
early grammar school age. It does not pretend to give all the 
details of historical occurrences nor of modern things of interest, 
but aims to present the most important facts in a way that they 
can be understood easily , and with a thread of interest that will 
increase the probability of their retention. 

The story is divided into four parts: the Settlement of Boston, 
including the Physical Features of Original Boston; the Boston 
of Earl}^ Colonial Days; the Boston of Revolutionary Days; 
the Boston of To-day. In each part the story is told by the use of 
fictitious characters, who are made to take part in genuine events, 
accurately described. 

The localities described in the fourth part are not held to be 
the only places of interest nor even those most worthy of atten- 
tion, but an attempt has been made to present material from 
which one or two facts about each section of Boston may be 
learned, with the view of obtaining a clearer conception of the 
extent and attractiveness of the city. 

Throughout the book emphasis has been placed upon the mean- 
ing and value of the events described, and special attention has 
been given to simplicity of language and clearness of expression. 

The fundamental principle upon which the work is based is 
that of presenting a few historical facts with enough of the element 
of interest added to make reasonably sure that the facts will 
remain in the reader's mind long after the thread of the story 
has been forgotten. In many cases the authorities upon given 
points have disagreed, so in this volume the facts are given the 

iii 



IV PREFACE 

interpretation favored by the weight of evidence with due regard 
to the reputation for accuracy borne by the authorities concerned. 

The keynote of the story is the portrayal of the growth and 
development of the Boston Spirit, which is true Americanism; 
courageous, democratic self-government, based upon exact justice 
for each and every individual. 

The author makes grateful acknowledgment to Mr. John F. 
McGrath, Master of the Eliot School, Boston, Mass., for inspira- 
tion, guidance, and criticism in this work, to Mr. Harvey N. 
Shepard for valuable information and for encouragement in this 
task, to Miss E. Gertrude Dudley, Master of the Marshall School, 
Boston, Mass., for criticism and revision of the English of the 
book, and to Miss Lura A. Chase, Miss Catherine J. Cunning- 
ham, Miss Mary V. Cunningham, Miss Elizabeth L. McCarthy, 
and Miss Agnes C. Moore, all of whom are teachers in the Boston 
Public Schools, for very thorough criticisms of the manuscript 
and for many valuable suggestions. 

The author acknowledges his further indebtedness to Mr. 
Charles F. Read and Mr. William B. Clarke of the Bostonian 
Society, to Mr. Luke J. Doogue, and to Mr. Frank Selew of the 
Massachusetts Department of Waterways for very valuable 
assistance in securing illustrative material for this book. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

I. Introduction , i 

II. Physical Features of Original Boston . , . . , 4 

III. Settlement of Boston 12 

IV. Boston in Colonial Days 21 

V. Revolutionary Boston 44 

VI. Modern Boston „ . . , 100 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



I. INTRODUCTION! 

Many years ago, when only a very few white men had 
come to live in the great New World of North America, 
there lived, in that part of the country that is known 
now as Maine, an Indian boy who was quite different 
from most of his red-skinned brothers and sisters. What- 
ever he saw, he wanted to know all about. 

*^Why can the birds fly through the air, while I must 
walk?" "What makes the sun so bright?" ''Where 
does all the water in the ocean come from?" Many, 
many questions such as these he asked whenever he saw 
or heard of a new thing. 

Sometimes the older Indians answered his questions, 
and sometimes they left him to find out as best he could. 
He listened to what the old men said and thought over 
their answers, wondering, wondering, wondering. He 
asked so many questions that his people called him 
"Wantano." 

One day he heard some braves talking about some 
strange, new people who had white skins, who lived in 

' The Indian boy and the other boys and girls who are found in this 
book never Uved and never did the things related in the story. They 
show what boys and girls living in those times might have seen and 
done. — Author. 



2 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

houses, and who did thmgs in ways very different from 
the Indian ways. He wondered much about these queer 
people and longed to see them. One day his chance 
came. The chief of the tribe ordered ten young men to 
take their canoes, to paddle southward along the shore 
until they should find some sign of the strangers, and 
to find out if the things they had heard about them were 
true. Wantano begged so hard to go with them that 
the chief told the young men that they might take him 
along. 

The party of Indians went slowly along the shore, 
searching every little stream for traces of the white men, 
and in a few days came to the little settlement known 
as Salem. The new people proved to be quite as wonder- 
ful as the Indians had heard, and, better than all, they 
were very kind and friendly to the red men, making 
them welcome and giving them valuable presents. 

Wantano was so happy that he did not know what to 
do with himself. Here were so many new things to ask 
and to wonder about. The white people soon grew very 
fond of the boy and made his visit so pleasant that when 
the other Indians set out for home, he remained in Salem. 
The white men taught him to speak their language, 
and told him all they could about the wonderful things 
of which he had been thinking and wondering. 

After living there for some time, he stopped wonder- 
ing about the white men and their ways, because now he 
understood them, but one thing still puzzled him. He 
often heard the men speak of a white man who lived all 
alone away to the south. 



INTRODUCTION 3 

Now in an Indian village, a man living apart from the 
rest was likely to be a very wise man, who kept away by 
himself so that he might think deeply of things too 
difficult for the other Indians to understand. So it hap- 
pened that Wantano began to wonder about this very 
wise white man, living all alone off to the south. The 




Indian and Canoe 



more he thought about him the stronger grew his desire 
to find him and ask him about all the wonderful things 
that such a wise man must know. 

Several weeks of wishing and longing went by. Then 
one day he told his white friends what he wanted to do 
and set out in the new canoe he had built for himself, 
paddling southward along the shore to find the mar- 
velous white man. 



II. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ORIGINAL 

BOSTON 

Before Wantano left his good friends at Salem, they 
told him that the man he wanted to find had built him- 
self a house in the shelter of a hill that stood with two 
other hills on a strip of land extending out into the 
water. Some Indians had called the place Mishawmut 
or Shawmut, which means ''near the neck of land," but 
the few white men who had seen it called it Trimountaine, 
meaning "a place with three hills." 

Keeping in mind what they had told him, Wantano 
set out, leaving Salem soon after sunrise one morning. 
He paddled steadily all the morning, saw many places 
where points of land ran into the water, some with one 
hill, some with many, but none with just three large 
hills upon it. When the sun grew hot at noon, he landed 
and rested a while in the shade on the shore. Again he 
set out, and, after an hour or two, he came to an open 
stretch of water. There on the west shore of this bay 
stood three large hills, almost in a row they seemed. 

He paddled toward the shore, but could see no house 
on the hill toward the south, and not a sign of the man 
for whom he was looking. Turning around he went 
northward to see the other two hills. The middle one 
was set well back from the shore, so he tried the one on 
the north next. A large stream came down past this 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 5 

hill, and he had to work hard to drive his boat up 
against the river current. He kept in close to the shore 
to look for a house. 

Wantano followed the left shore, which turned to the 
west, giving him a view of the other side of this north 
hill. No sign of a house could he see. Now the river 
broadened out and wound and twisted until he found 
that it brought him close to the inland side of the middle 




Blackstone's Cabin 
Near Beacon and Walnut Streets 

hill. He had worked hard, but now his reward came, 
for there, on the southwest side of the middle hill, far 
enough down from the top to be sheltered from storms, 
stood a small log cabin. 

In the doorway of the cabin sat a white man, with a 
large book in his hand as if he had been reading. Near 
him on the ground stood a spyglass. As the canoe came 
in sight, he picked up the glass and looked through it at 



6 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

the boy. Wantano waved a friendly greeting with his 
hand, as he had seen the white men do at Salem, and the 
man in turn made a sign to him to come ashore. The 
man stood up, a tall, slight figure, and came part way 
down the hill to meet the Indian boy. In this way 
Wantano came to know the "wise man," William Blax- 
ton, or Blackstone, the first white settler in Boston. 

The white man and the Indian boy met near the foot 
of the hill, and Blackstone gave the boy a pleasant 
greeting. "What brings the young brave to the home of 
the white man, and from what place does he come?" he 
asked. 

"From the camp of the white men at Salem, O Great 
Chief, to see the wise white man who lives alone, and to 
learn the wonderful things that he knows, that the 
Indian boy may be a wise man too," replied Wantano. 

Then Wantano told how he had gone to Salem and 
lived there a long time in the village, how the white men 
had been good to him, and how he had heard of the 
wise man and longed to see him. 

The boy's story pleased Blackstone and made him feel 
very friendly toward the little Indian. Blackstone was 
a rather shy, quiet man, who had come to live in this 
place because he liked to be where there were but few 
people, so that he could give his spare time to reading 
and thinking about the small store of precious books he 
had brought with him from England. Still, at times, he 
felt very lonely, and the coming of this bright, interesting 
Indian lad made a pleasant break after the long time he 
had spent without seeing a single person. 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 



7 



He invited Wantano to come up to the cabin to visit 
with him for a while. The boy was deHghted and eagerly 
accepted the invitation. The house was nearly square 
in shape, made of rough logs, smoothed off on the in- 
side, and plastered on the outside betwxen the logs with 
mud and clay to keep out the wind. The doorway faced 
down the hill toward the southwest, and was fitted with 



' l/z/^y. 



\\ \VAs>'\'iWliii^/wA/ k/ 




Inside of a Log Cabin 

a door of smoothed logs, that could be closed tightly in 
case of storm. 

A small window was cut in each of the two side walls, 
with a rude shutter for each one, while opposite the door 
was a great fireplace, built of stone plastered with clay„ 
Here Blackstone used to build a fire of Axy wood to cook 
his meals, to keep him warm, and to furnish light for 
him to read by after the sun had set. His furniture was 
scant, consisting of a few things that had come over 
from England — a bed, a chair or two, a small table, 



8 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

and last but most important, a good-sized box, or chest, 
that held his books. 

The man and the boy sat on the grass before the 
house, and Blackstone asked all about his friends in 
Salem. He was surprised at the skill with which Wantano 
spoke EngHsh. He enjoyed the eagerness with which 
the Indian boy told what he knew and asked questions 
about what he did not understand. ' Wantano asked 
about the rivers — where they came from and what 
their names were, why the white man chose this spot for 
his home, how he lived and what he found to do all day. 

These new friends found so much to talk about that 
the sun sank before they had finished, and Blackstone 
asked the boy to share his supper and spend the night 
with him, promising to show him many places of interest 
on the next day. They had supper, and shortly after- 
ward Wantano rolled himself in his blanket and went to 
sleep close by the wall, outside the house, for he had not 
learned to sleep indoors as w^hite men did. 

Very early in the morning, Wantano went a little way 
up the river to a quiet spot where he soon speared enough 
fish for their breakfast, while Blackstone busied himself 
with gathering and chopping his day's supply of wood. 
After these chores were done and their breakfast was 
eaten, Blackstone took the boy to the top of the hill, 
passing a fine spring of water on the way, a little above 
the cabin. 

From the summit of his hill, Blackstone pointed out to 
Wantano that the whole region was somewhat hilly, a 
row of rather low hills running along close to the shore, 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 



beginning some miles to the northeast and running toward 
the southwest. Turning his back to the shore, he showed 
another range of hills farther inland which curved around 
to the southeast and seemed to join the shore hills a few 
miles to the south. 

They saw also that a similar range of inland hills 
curved from the northwest to the northeast, not so high 
as the one on the south. These ranges 
made the region where they were seem 
like the inside of a dish, with the hills 
for the edge. The hilltop on which they 
stood was the highest of three peaks of 
the same hill, one peak northeast of 
them, the other south. 

Facing the water again, he told 
Wantano to notice the large body of 
deep water with scattered islands to 
the east and southeast protecting the 
shore from the open sea. From this 
open water, a deep cove ran into the 
land a Httle to the south, and beyond 
that the shore curved in to form a wide, shallow bay 
with marsh land on its shore. 

Somewhat farther south a river, which the Indians 
called Neponset, came out after winding its way down 
from the inland hills. 

Northeast of them they saw a large river which proved 
to be two rivers emptying through one mouth. One 
river, whose Indian name was Mystic, came from the 
northward, while the other wound around from the south- 




Blackstone Statue 



lO BOSTON AND HER STORY 

west to meet the first one near its mouth. The second 
of these two rivers broadened out behind the hill on which 
they stood, and formed another wide, shallow bay. 

This bay, w^hich had much marsh land on its shore, 
lay just north of the other bay which they had seen, 
and w^as separated from it only by a narrow strip of 
low land. This strip or neck of land was all that joined 
Blackstone's land to the mainland, and often it w^as 
covered by water when storms made the tide very^ high. 
It was on account of this neck that the Indians called 
the place Shaw^mut. 

Blackstone showed the boy a spot on the opposite 
shore of the river where a hiU sloped evenly down toward 
the water, near where the two rivers came together. 
He also pointed out two hilly islands to the northeast, 
which he said w^ould be good for people to settle upon, 
as they were well protected from the sea. He thought 
that his place was better though, because he had two 
good springs of water, one near his house and the other 
on the opposite slope of the same hill. 

They w^alked down from the top of the hill, visited 
the second spring, and drank some of its water, finding 
it clear, sweet, and cold. Then they roamed about, 
seeing where Blackstone raised his little supply of vege- 
tables, where he cut his firewood, and where he dug the 
clay to plaster his outside walls and fireplace. 

That afternoon, in the Indian's canoe, they set out to 
explore along the river, paddling up to the place where it 
widens into a large bay. When they came to the neck of 
land they had seen from the hill, they drove the boat in 



PHYSICAL FEATURES ii 

to the shore. As he stepped out from the canoe, Wantano 
fitted an arrow into his bow and shot it across the neck. 
He watched where it struck and ran to get it where it 
lay on the farther shore, with its tip just touching the 
water. 

He went back to Blackstone, and together they carried 
the canoe across to the water on the other side. They 
went out into the other bay, had a look at the cove north 
of it, and then came back to the place from which they 
had started, at the foot of Blackstone's hill. It was not 
yet sunset time, and Wantano said that the place was 
much smaller than he had thought it was, as they had 
gone all around it in so short a time. Blackstone agreed 
with him that it was not very large, but enough for one 
man and perhaps one Indian boy, if he cared to stay for 
a while. 

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED 

1. William Blackstone was the first white settler in Boston. He 
came about 1625, directly from England, with some other men who 
went back to England after a short time. 

2. Boston was a peninsula, bounded by a large bay on the south, 
its harbor on the east, and a river which widened into a bay on the 
north and northwest. 

3. The Peninsula of Boston was connected with the mainland by a 
very narrow strip of low land between two bays. This strip or neck 
of land was the reason for the Indians' naming the place Shawmut. 

4. A large hill with three peaks occupied most of the land. Because 
of these three peaks, the white men at first called the place Trimountaine. 

5. Inland were two ranges of hills which nearly shut in Boston as 
if it were a dish or basin. 



III. SETTLEMENT OF BOSTON 

Wantano told Blackstone that he would like to 
remain for a little time with him. He said that he would 
fish in the river and hunt in the woods while Blackstone 
was busy with his work. They sat at the door of the 
house and talked over this plan, Blackstone finally 
deciding that the Indian boy should stay as long as he 
wished. He was free to go and come as he pleased, 
only Blackstone wished to see him by the time the sun 
set each evening. He should do such work as Blackstone 
wished him to do, but was free to set out for home when- 
ever he tired of living with his new white friend. 

This plan worked very well, as it gave Blackstone 
some help with the tasks about his house, and in return 
he gave the Indian lad much of his food and tried to 
teach him about the white folks in Europe. It came 
about that the late afternoon always found the two 
seated near the log cabin, Wantano asking questions', 
and Blackstone trying to explain what the boy did not 
understand. 

^'If England is so fine a countr\% why do the white 
men leave it to come here?" asked the boy. The white 
man told him about God, whom the Indian knew as 
''Manitou," or ''The Great Spirit." Blackstone ex- 
plained what the Bible is, and how men have different 
ways of understanding its meaning and doing honor to 

. 12 



SETTLEMENT OF BOSTON 



13 



God. . ''This is called religion," he said. ''In England 
many men believe that their way is the only proper way 
to show honor to God and that no other way should be 
allowed. Most of us who have come to this new country 
do not think as most of the English people do in these 
matters, so it was more pleasant for us to come to this 
new country than to remain in England." 

Wantano asked if that was what made the white men 




The First Church in Boston 
Built in 1632 » 
From Antique Vicivs of Ye Town of Boston 

come to Salem, and he was told that it was the reason 
in the case of most of them. "Is that what brought the 
white chief Winthrop, who came to Salem before the 
Indian boy left there?" Blackstone replied that he 
believed that to be the reason, and added that he felt 
sure that Winthrop would not stay long in Salem, but 
would bring some of his colonists farther south, nearer 
to Blackstone' s home. 



14 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

Every evening found the man and the boy talking 
together in this way. So autumn and winter passed 
away, Wantano staying as a sort of guest with Black- 
stone. He could not be looked upon as a servant, be- 
cause no true Indian would ever leave his own people 
willingly to become a servant for white men. 

In the late spring of 1630, Blackstone's idea of what 
Winthrop would do proved to be right, for he came with a 
number of his people and made a settlement on the side 
of the river opposite Blackstone's farm, at the place 
that Blackstone had pomted out to Wantano as a good 
place for a settlement. 

John Winthrop had come from England with more 
than a thousand men and women, bringing a written 
statement from the King giving him the right to make 
settlements in the new countr>^ This written paper 
was called a charter. It was necessary for Winthrop 
to have such a statement, in order that no one should 
make trouble for him for settling on this land. King 
Charles also appointed Winthrop Governor over all the 
settlements in this part of the country. 

Winthrop's party came first to Salem, in 1629, and in 
the spring of the next year moved farther south. Part 
of them chose the land opposite Blackstone's home and 
named the settlement Charlestown in honor of their 
King, also calling the river there the Charles River. 
Others went farther up this river and started a village 
about five miles from the CharlestowTi location, calling 
the place Watertown. A third group settled part way 
up the Neponset River, south of Blackstone's land, at a 



SETTLEMENT OF BOSTON 15 

place which the Indians called Mattapan. This is not 
the place we know now as Mattapan, but was the be- 
ginning of the town of Dorchester. Mattapan, as we 
know it, is about three miles farther up this river, and 
was settled later. 

The party in Charlestown was the largest of the three 




John Winthrop 
After a painting in the State House at Boston, attributed to Vandyke 

and the men set right to work building houses and getting 
things in shape for a peaceful, happy town. Soon, how- 
ever, trouble came to them in the form of severe sickness. 
One after another became sick and died, until it seemed 
as if their graveyard was growing faster than their town. 
William Blackstone and Wantano watched their com- 



1 6 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

ing, and saw the work they did. Blackstone did not Kke 
the idea of having people Hving so near him, but he did 
nothing about it except to keep away from them as 
much as he could. Day by day they watched the houses 
grow, a large house for the Governor and small houses for 
the rest of the people. 

One day Blackstone saw them carry some one out from 
the village to the slope of the hill, where they made the 
first grave in the new colony. A few days went by, and 
another trip was made and another grave was dug. 
Then the trips became very frequent. He knew that 
something terrible was the rnatter. He spoke to Wantano 
of what he had seen, and Wantano told of some bad 
water he found when he went over there before the new 
people came. 

That night they talked a long time about the trouble 
that had come to the new settlers, and after the boy had 
gone to sleep, Blackstone sat by the fire and thought. 
He thought how happy he had been, far from all troubles 
that come to settlements, and he was verv^ sorry for the 
poor sick people across the river. He felt that it was his 
duty to help them. 

In the morning he wrote a note to Governor Winthrop, 
inviting him to come to visit him for the purpose of look- 
ing over his land to see whether it was a better place for 
his people than Charlestown was. Wantano took the note 
across to Charlestown, and Governor Winthrop came 
back in the canoe with him. 

Winthrop told all about the bad conditions in his town, 
and Blackstone showed the Governor where he might 



SETTLEMENT OF BOSTON 



17 



place his colon)' williout being in Blackstone's way. 
Winthrop decided to accept the offer, and they agreed 
that Winthrop should take the southeast side of the hill 
including the other spring which Blackstone had shown 
to Wantano. 

Going back to Charlestown, Winthrop told his people 
what he had done, and they were well pleased. The 




An English Ship or 1630 

men who helped Winthrop in running the affairs of the 
colony met in the Governor's house on September 17, 
1630, and voted to move the colony. They named the 
new town Boston, in honor of the town of Boston, Eng- 
land, from which many of the best men in the colony 
had come. By the time cold weather came, most of the 
people had moved over to the new town, although a few 
wished to remain in Charlestown and did so. 



i8 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



William Blackstone was no longer alone. He met the 
new people and helped them gladly; but after a while he 
longed to be alone again, so he sold his land in Boston, 
and prepared to move to a place he had heard of in Lons- 
dale, Rhode Island. He asked Wantano to go there 
with him, but the Indian boy did not reply at once. 

At last the day came when Blackstone must go, and 
Wantano gave him his answer. ''The Great White Chief 




Reduced Facsimile of the Heading, Signature, and Seal of the 
Massachusetts Charter of 1628-1629 

has been more than a father to the young Indian brave. 
The white man goes to his new home far from where the 
Penobscot tribe dwells. White men live with other 
white men. Indian boy must join his tribe." 

So parted "the wise white man who lives alone" and 
Wantano, and we, too, shall leave Wantano paddling 
his canoe back to his own people, an older and a wiser 
Indian boy. 



SETTLEMENT OF BOSTON 19 

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED 

1. Men had different ways of serving God. When some had ideas 
differing from most of the other Enghshmen, they found it more pleasant 
to leave England. Most of the people who came over to this country 
at first came for this reason. 

2. John Winthrop was given a charter, or paper giving him the right 
to settle in the new land. He brought over about a thousand people 
from England, in eleven ships, with many horses and cattle. 

3. Winthrop was made Governor of all the settlements in this part 
of the country. 

4. Winthrop's party came to Salem in 1629, and the following spring, 
1630, made three settlements farther south. 

J One party of these people named the river north of Blackstone's 
home the Charles River, in honor of their King, and settled on its north 
bank, calling the place Charlestown. 

6. Before the summer had passed, many of the people became sick 
and died from drinking bad water. 

7. Blackstone invited Winthrop to bring his people over to settle 
on his land where there were springs of good water. Winthrop decided 
to do this, and Blackstone divided his land with him. 

8. On September 17, 1630, Winthrop's colony founded the new 
town of Boston, named in honor of Boston, England, and most of the 
people moved over from Charlestown before cold weather came. 

9. A short time after the colonists came to Boston, Blackstone sold 
his house and land, which was about where Louisburg Square is now, 
and removed to Lonsdale, Rhode Island, driving before him a small 
herd of cattle and a few horses. 



QUESTIONS ON MAP OF 1630 

1. What sort of coast line did Winthrop's men find near their settle- 
ment? 

2. What made Boston harbor safe for their vessels? 

3. What rivers empty into Boston harbor? 

4. In what directions from these rivers did Winthrop make his 
settlement? 

5. What may the point of land upon which they settled be called? 



20 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



5&I em. 




Hassach usett5 



Boston *in 1630 

— Original peninsula of Boston. 

1 . Three Hills of Trimountaine. 

2. Blackstone's Home 

3. W'inthrop's first location in Charlestown 



6. What is another name for the narrow strip of land that joined 
this point of land to the mainland? 

7. What was the shape of this point of land? 

8. Was the land level or hilly? What tells us this fact? 
Q. In what direction is Boston from Salem? 

10. In what direction was Winthrop's Boston settlement from his 
first location in Charlestown? 



IV. BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 

The colonists that Winthrop moved over from Charles- 
town got along very well in their town on the peninsula, 
which they novs^ called Boston. Many more people came 
over from England to live here, some wealthy people who 
wished to try Hfe in a new place, some workmen in the 
different trades who felt that they could live much better 
in the new colony than at home, and some poor men and 
women who agreed to work as servants in the new town 
in return for money to pay for their trip across the ocean. 

All these newcomers did not remain in the town of 
Boston, but many settled along the banks of the Charles 
and Neponset rivers because the land was more fertile. 
Some laid out farms on the slopes of the inland hills, 
and they soon were very comfortable and happy. Two 
different types of life began to be seen — the town life 
and the country life. 

Stores, shops, and business places of many kinds grew 
up in the town, while the folks living outside the town 
gave their time to the raising of food for themselves and 
to sell to the people in the town. The people living on 
the farms needed the things that were made in the town, 
just as the town people needed the food raised in the 
country. 

From the first few hundred who came to the places 
around Boston in 1630, the numbers grew so that in 



21 



22 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



about fifty years there were more than fifteen thousand 
people, with many horses and cattle, living in and around 
Boston. Let us go into the Boston of this time and 
meet some of the people. 

There were three distinct classes in the colony, and 
the way each lived and dressed was very different from 

that of the other two. First there 
were the rich men and their wives 
and children. These belonged to 
wealthy families in England. 
They had plenty of money to 
buy fine clothes with and lived in 
grand style without any need of 
working. Many owned shares in 
the great East India Company, 
which had vessels trading in all 
parts of the world. 

Others were younger sons of 
great families in England. They 
were given fortunes when they 
settled in the new world, or else 
they had large incomes from the estates at home. This 
class, of course, wanted to live just as their own folks 
at home lived, and were very much interested in all that 
went on in England. They wished to make the colony 
as much like the mother countrv^ as they could. 

The second class was made up of the working people 
and storekeepers, whose fathers had been working people 
before them. There were many different sorts of work- 
ingmen in Boston. Carpenters, shipbuilders, bootmakers, 




Costume of a Rich Lady in 
THE Colonial Times 



BOSTON IN COLONI.\L DAYS 



23 



hatmakers, ironworkers, brassworkers, and men of many 
other trades had come over from England to settle. 
They trained boys of the colony to be skilled workmen, 
fit to carry on the trades and to train other boys in turn, 
for the colonists wished to make as many of the things 
that they needed as possible. 

They had been brought up to know that they must 
work hard and live simply in order to keep their families 




Colonial Dress 

from want. They wished to make life in the colony such 
that their children would grow up to be good, useful men 
and women, with a keen sense of right and justice. They 
were much more interested in having a good, safe, busy 
town in w^hich to raise their families than in how things 
were going on in England. Of course, they had not lost 
their love for their mother country, but with them their 
colony affairs came first. 



24 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

The third class was the servant class. JMaiiy of these 
were poor people in England who sold their services for 
a number of years to some of the wealthy class in return 
for the money to pay for their passage to America. Others 
were Indians from some of the neighboring tribes who 
hired themselves out for short periods as servants. Most 
of the white servants had little interest in the town and 
cared only for the welfare of their masters. Some of 
these, however, became workmen or storekeepers after 
they had worked as servants long enough to pay back 
the cost of their passage from their old homes. Most of 
these men became valuable citizens in the town. 

The three classes differed from each other in the kind 
of clothing they wore, in the way they spent their time, 
in the methods of training their children, and in the 
manner in which they worshiped God. Even the way 
people named them when speaking of them differed 
according to their class. The rich folks wore fine silk, 
satin, lace, and broadcloth, and boots of soft leather. 
They spent their day in dressing, reading, and visiting, 
and brought up their children to follow their style of 
living. Private teachers taught the children music, 
Latin, and the way to conduct themselves in grand homes. 
They worshiped God in the way their people in Eng- 
land did, building a church and supporting ministers for 
that purpose. 

The working people wore leather clothing largely, for 
their working clothes, with homespun wool or linsey- 
woolsey, made of linen and wool, for Sunday dress. 
Their week days were spent in toil, the men at the trades 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 25 

and the women in the homes. Their Sabbath was spent 
mostly in attending church services. The children were 
sent to school, when it was possible, and they had many 
tasks at home to take much of their spare time. Most 
of this class had strong reasons for not liking the English 
form of religion, so they supported their own churches 
and worshiped God in the way that seemed best to 
them. 

The servants dressed almost wholly in leather, spent 
most of their time in toil, and had little to do with the 
training of children, as most of them were unmarried. 
Their church was usually that of their masters, in which 
a special place was made for them, but some of the 
servants attended the English Church. 

Any prominent man of the first class, as well as the 
ministers and the Governor, was spoken of as ''Mister" 
and his wife as "Mistress." The ordinary man and his 
wife were known as "Goodman" and "Goodwife," 
while the servants were called by name without any 
title, as Mary Smith or Henry Brown. If a workingman 
or his wife did anything to bring disgrace upon them- 
selves, they lost the title "Goodman" or "Goodwife" 
and wxre spoken of as if they were servants. 

How the families of the ordinary folks in the town 
lived, and what the boys and girls of that time did to 
spend their days can be seen best by following a family 
day by day through a week in March, because that 
month was one of the most important in the whole 
year. 



26 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

A Week in March 

In a small house near Dock Square lived Goodman 

Thomas White and Goodwife Hannah White with their 

twin children, Ruth and Edward, who were nine years 

old on their last birthday. Goodman White was a 

chandler, or candle-maker, and had his 

little shop in the back part of the first 

floor of his house. 

He was a very busy man but found 
time to watch carefully over his children 
and to take a lively interest in the affairs 
of the town. He was a kind but strict 
father, and hoped and prayed with all 
his heart that Ruth would grow up to be 
as good a housekeeper as her mother, 
and that Edward would become an 
Mould FOR ^MAK- g^pert candle-maker, with book-learning 
enough to enable him to read and un- 
derstand his Bible thoroughly and to take his place as an 
active citizen of the town. 

A good while before sunrise, on a cold Monday morning, 
Goodman White came downstairs from his bedroom into 
the great kitchen that took up one w^hole side of the first 
floor of the house. Going out through the side door, he 
flung open the hea^^^^ wooden shutters of the windows to 
let in the first pale light of morning through the oiled- 
paper panes. Back again in the kitchen, he raked over 
the ashes of last night's fire in the large open fireplace, 
and with a few dry chips of w^ood kindled a blaze from 




BOSTON IN COLONL\L DAYS 



27 



the live embers. Soon he had boiling the kettle of water 
that had been left beside the fireplace overnight. This 
was the first step toward breakfast. 

By this time Goodwife White had come downstairs, 
and the voices above told them that two hmigry children 
would not be long dressing in the cold rooms upstairs. 
Down they came, Edward first, and his sister a moment 
after. Ruth was a pretty little girl, rather short and 
slender, with light brown hair, blue eyes, and round, rosy 
cheeks. She came downstairs with a happy smile on her 
face, and a bright and loving word 
for each one of the family. 

She was dressed in a dark woolen 
dress that was close-fitting and 
nearly touched the ground. Her 
neck and head were uncovered, but 
later, when ready to go out-doors, 
she would put on a white linen 
neckpiece or collar and a hood or 
cap which would leave only her face 
showing. In dress she was a small but exact copy of her 
mother, and she looked more like a very small woman 
than a little girl. 

Edward was larger for his age than his sister was, and 
seemed stronger and more sturdy. His hair was dark 
brown like his father's, and his eyes were brown also. 
His cheeks were round and red, and his manner was 
pleasant but not as lively and cheerful as Ruth's. His 
clothing consisted of a linen shirt, fastening at the neck 
with a cord, the ends of which hung down in front, knee 




A Colonial House in 
Boston 



28 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

breeches very mucli like the trousers boys wear to-day, 
long woolen stockings, and rather rough leather shoes. 
He also had a jacket with a skirt coming nearly to his 
knees, with a vest beneath it that buttoned up to the 
neck and hung down a httle below his waist. The trousers, 
coat, and vest were of dark red homespun woolen material, 
and were very much like his father's Sunday clothing. 
Children of this time looked like Uttle men and women, 
and their parents wished them to talk and act as if they 
were grown up. 

Once downstairs, the busy day for these children 
began. Ruth hurried about the kitchen, helping her 
mother get breakfast ready. Edward went out into the 
back yard to help his father pump and carry in the 
water needed for the day. After this task was done, and 
his father had gone into his shop to work until breakfast 
was ready, Edward went out into the woodshed to cut 
enough wood to keep the fire going all day. To cut this 
wood and pile it neatly in the kitchen was his task every 
morning. 

By this time the meal was ready, and the family went 
to the table. All stood up while the father gave thanks 
to God and read aloud a page or two from the Bible. 
They sat down, and each ate a hearty breakfast of oat- 
meal porridge and milk, cornbread, and cheese, and when 
all had finished, Goodman White again gave thanks to 
God and the meal was over. No meal was begun or 
ended without grace being said by the head of the family. 

After breakfast, Edw^ard at once set out for school, 
which began at seven o'clock from March to October, 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 



29 



and at eight o'clock during the rest of the year. Children 
then did not have any long summer vacation, but were 
sent to school the whole year through. He walked up 
Cornhill to School Street, where the Latin School was 
located. This is the oldest public school in America, 
having been founded in 1636. Edward entered the 




A Colonial Kitchen Fire-place 

Latin School in November, on his ninth birthday. 
Before coming to this school, both Ruth and he attended 
Goodwife Chapman's "dame school" on Brattle Street, 
where Ruth still w^ent. 

In the Latin School, he studied Latin and Greek, with 
some mathematics, as all the boys did. They had to 
work very hard and were punished very severely if they 
failed. Whippings were given for failure in lessons as 
well as for bad conduct, and very hard whippings they 



30 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

were too, for the master and the parents also beUeved 
that a boy would learn much more quickly if he was 
afraid of being whipped for failing. Goodman White 
had a faint hope that he might be able to send his boy 
to Harvard College to study for the ministry. He felt 
that he ought to get ready for college; then if he were 
unable to go there, he would have had part of a good 
education anyway. 

The schoolroom was not much like the schoolrooms of 
to-day. Bare walls, rough desks and benches, no pictures 
or maps, and very few books even, made the schoolroom 
a place which the boys were glad to leave as soon as 
they could. A large fireplace at one side of the room 
kept those boys near it too hot, while those at the other 
sides of the room were very cold. What writing they did 
was done with pens made from goose feathers, called 
"quills," with ink usually made at home and brought in 
by the boys, each one bringing his own. The ink was 
often made by mixing hot tea with a solution of iron. 

When Edward reached school just before seven o'clock, 
there were about twenty other boys in the schoolroom. 
His class was the lower class with the younger boys who 
had not been in the school very long. Promptly at 
seven o'clock the master opened school with a prayer 
and the reading of some pages from the Bible. Then 
the boys went to work studying and reciting their lessons. 
This kept up until eleven o'clock, when the noon recess 
began, after the master had closed school with a prayer. 

On all other days, the boys went home to dinner at 
eleven o'clock, but on ^londay, they had to remain 



BOSTON IN COLONI.^L DAYS 



31 



until twelve. During this hour, they were asked questions 
about the sermons they had heard in church the day 
before and about the Bible lessons they had learned. 
Also, boys who had been noisy and disorderly in church 




A Dame School 



were punished at this time. Edward had been a good 
boy this week, so he did not have to be punished. 

At one o'clock school began again and went on, just 
as it had during the morning, until five o'clock, when it 
was dismissed for the day. The boys trooped out with 
a shout of joy, for the one playtime they had in the whole 
day. They played whatever games the season of the 



32 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

year permitted. They coasted, built snow houses, or 
skated, until just before six o'clock. Six o'clock was the 
supper time, and the boy or girl who w^as late went to 
bed without any supper, so they were very careful not 
to stay out too long. 

When Edward started off to school right after break- 
fast, Ruth remained at home to help her mother. She 
washed the dishes and swept the kitchen floor, while her 
mother made ready for the weekly washing of the family 
clothes. Just before eight o'clock she left home to go to 
school at Goodwife Chapman's ''dame school." 

"Dame schools" were kept by women in their own 
homes, where they took young children, both boys and 
girls, and taught them with their own children. The 
boys were taught to read, spell, write, and do sums, while 
the girls learned to read and write a little, but spent most 
of the time learning to do the things necessar>^ for house- 
keeping, such as cooking, sewang, spinning, and weaving. 

Ruth's school began at eight o'clock, and she was just 
as busy all the morning as Edward was in his school. 
She had learned to read and \\Tite very well, and was 
becoming so good a scholar that she soon would have 
learned all that Goodwife Chapman was able to teach 
her. For several months now, she had been helping to 
teach some of the younger children. The noon recess 
began at eleven o'clock, and Ruth hurried home to help 
her mother with the dinner. 

School began again at two o'clock, but Ruth and some 
of the other older girls did not attend in the afternoon. 
Her afternoon was spent with her mother, knitting 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 



33 



stockings for her father and brother or sphmmg and 
weaving flax and wool to make cloth for new clothing. 
She had little playtime, in the sense of playing outdoors, 
but she was so happy at her work, singing and talking 
to her mother, that it really seemed more like play than 
toil to her. 

As soon as it began to grow dark, the mother and 
daughter left their other work and started to get supper 
ready. Supper was very much 
like breakfast, consisting of 
cornmeal porridge, milk, bread, 
and cheese. Dinner at noon 
was the principal meal of the 
day. At that time they had a 
pudding made of Indian corn 
served first, and then fresh 
meat, either beef, chicken, or 
pork with different vegetables. 
The meals were much the same 
every day in the week except 
on Saturday when they usually ate fish instead of meat 
at dinner, as many people do now on Friday. 

Just before six o'clock, Goodman White stopped work 
in his shop, set things in order for his next day's work, 
and then came into the other part of the house. Edward 
was home on time, and all sat down to the evening meal. 
After it was over, Ruth and her mother cleared away 
the dishes, washed them, and tidied the room. Edward 
brought in what water would be needed for the night, 
and then sat down beside his father near the fire. They 




Ruth at School 



34 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

talked about his work at school and his Bible lessons 
until the Goodwife and Ruth had finished their tasks. 
Then they all sat by the fire, with a lighted candle on a 
stand by the side of the father's chair. The father spoke 
of the good things he had noticed about each one of 
them during the day, corrected any faults he had seen, 
and read to them from his Bible for a few minutes. 

At the end of the reading, the mother and her two 
children went upstairs to bed, while the father saw to it 
that all was right for the night. He covered the burning 
logs in the fireplace with ashes so that they would burn 
slowly all night and still have some fire in the morn- 
ing, snuffed his candle, and w^nt upstairs himself. Soon 
the house was very still as sleep came to the tired folks 
to rest them after a long day and to get them ready 
for another busy day. It was hardly later than eight 
o'clock, yet nearly every house in the town was as quiet 
as theirs. 

Tuesday was just such another day as IMonday had 
been, with the same tasks and the same duties. Only one 
unusual thing happened. During the breakfast time, 
dinner time, and supper time, a man went through the 
main streets ringing a bell and crying, "Hear ye! Hear 
ye!'' He was the town-crier, who was announcing that 
on Wednesday the yearly town meeting would be held, 
at which all churchmen could vote for the Selectmen to 
govern the town. 

At this meeting they also voted upon certain questions 
about the welfare of the town. A list of these questions, 
which was called a warrant, was tacked up outside the 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 35 

door of the meeting house on King Street, where all could 
see what they were. All the men in town could attend 
the meeting, but only those who were regular members 
of the church were allowed to vote. 




The Best Bedroom in a Colonial House 

On Wednesday, because it was Town Meeting Day, 
the boys had a holiday from school. Edward went with 
the other boys to find a place in the gallery, or balcony, 
of the meeting house, where they might see and hear 
what took place. At just nine o'clock, one of the leading 
men of the town, who had been chosen leader, or moder- 



36 



BOSTON AND HER SIORY 



ator, as he was called, and who sat at a desk or table at 
the front of the hall with the minister, struck the desk 
with a small mallet, or gavel, as a signal that the meeting 
was to begin. The minister rose and all the men did 
likewise. He then gave thanks to God for the good 
things that had happened in the town during the past 
year, and prayed that God would direct the men to act 

wisely in that meeting and 
would bless the town dur- 
ing the coming year. 

After he had finished, 
the men sat down and the 
moderator started the proc- 
ess of electing the Select- 
men. Close watch was 
kept to see that none but 
church members voted. 
By the time the election 
was finished it was after 
eleven o'clock. The meet- 
ing stopped then, and all 
went home to dinner. At one o'clock the meeting began 
again. The questions that had been put in the warrant 
were read, argued, sometimes changed, and finally voted 
upon. 

After they had stayed about an hour listening to 
the talk of the men, Edward with the other boys slipped 
quietly out of the meeting house. Soon they were in the 
midst of a group of happy boys coasting down the slope 
of Beacon Hill. It was so seldom that they had a free 




Colonial Church with Gallery 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 37 

afternoon that they all made the most of it and had more 
fun than they had had for many weeks. 

Thursday was another day just like Monday and 
Tuesday for Ruth and Edward, but not for their parents. 
Every Thursday was ''Lecture Day" for the grown folks. 
That meant that many of the working men who were not 
very busy did no work at all on Thursday, but dressed 
up in their Sunday clothes and spent the morning strolling 
about the town, visiting their neighbors and discussing 
the questions of the times. Busy men like Goodman 
White kept hard at work during the morning. About 
half past eleven all work stopped for the day, and, as 
soon as dinner was over, the men and women went to 
the meeting house. The lecture began about one o'clock, 
and it proved to be a sermon by the regular minister 
or a visiting minister. It lasted two or three hours or 
sometimes longer. 

After the lecture, the people spent some time in the 
meeting house, greeting and talking with their friends 
and learning all the interesting news of the people in 
other parts of the town. This Lecture Day was the only 
time in the week that the grown people had for any 
pleasure outside their own homes. It shows how little 
real pleasure they had when listening to a long sermon 
seemed to them a time for enjoyment. It shows also 
that the people of early Boston really enjoyed serious 
things. 

Friday was market day, and that meant more to the 
goodwives than to anyone else. On that day the farmers 
from the places outside the town drove in with their 



38 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



wagons loaded with all sorts of things raised on the 
farms. Probably every goodwife in the town and many 
of the mistresses went during some part of the day, 
usually in the morning, to Market Field, near where the 
Old State House now stands, to trade for the things they 
needed for the table for the coming week. The boys 
had to be in school as usual, but what sport they had at 




't| f! "17 " "^ [" •' r n" I 



First Town House in Boston, 1658 

The Old State House now stands on this site. The old Market Field 
was near, in what is now State Street 

noontime down in the market place! Many a time 
Edward \vas almost late for supper on Friday night 
because he got a ride on a farm wagon that was starting 
back home and he stayed on the wagon too long. 

Saturday was not a school holiday as it is now, for the 
children had to go to school just as on any other day. 
In the afternoon, however, instead of their regular lessons, 
the boys had to studv their Bible lessons for Sunday. 



BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 39 

They were free at three o'clock, but they did not have 
this time for play. Right home from school they must 
go to prepare for the Sabbath, which began at sunset on 
Saturday. Sunset was usually considered to mean six 
o'clock. Every member of the family must have his 
bath, and the supper and supper dishes must be out of 
the way by six o'clock. From that time until six o'clock 
Sunday evening, no work must be done except what was 
truly necessary. 

After supper on Saturday night, the family gathered 
as usual around the father at the fireplace. He questioned 
the children closely on their Bible lessons, and then read 
to them from his Bible for a longer time than on the other 
nights. 

Sunday was the worst day in the week for the boys and 
girls, and probably the boys suffered more than the girls. 
Dressed up in their best clothes, they were expected to 
keep spotlessly clean all day. They were not to run or 
jump, but must walk slowly and quietly. They could 
not talk except in a very low voice, and for them to 
smile or laugh was considered very improper conduct. 

The whole family arrived at the church, or the meeting 
house, as they called it, before nine o'clock. The men 
sat on one side of the aisle and the women and girls on 
the other, while the boys were sent to the gallery, with 
a man appointed especially to watch them and to make 
them behave. 

The service began with a prayer by the minister, lasting 
about twenty minutes. Next, all the people joined in 
singing a psalm, or sacred poem, set to music, and then 



40 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

came the sermon by the minister, usually lasting two 
hours or more. 

While the service was going on, a man, called the 
tithing-man, who had a long cane with a rabbit's 
foot fastened to it at one end, walked up and down, 
watching the people. If he saw a little girl falling 
asleep, he would tickle her face with the fur to wake her 
up, but if he saw someone in disorder or not giving at- 
tention to the sermon, his cane would come down upon 
that person's head with a good hard blow. 

The man in the gallery with the boys had such a cane 
also, and he seemed to find real joy in rapping the boys 
over the head. In addition to this punishment, the boys 
who did wrong were reported to the schoolmaster, who 
punished them again in school on Monday. 

When the service was finished, the family went home 
to dinner and returned to church at two o'clock, when a 
service similar to the one of the morning, both in kind 
and in length, took place. By afternoon, the boys had 
had about as much goodness for one day as they could 
stand, so the tithing-man found plenty to do during the 
second service. 

It was about six o'clock when the family reached home 
from the afternoon service, and the Sabbath was over. 
A little better supper was set out on Sunday night, and 
the family stayed up a little later. Perhaps a neighbor 
came in for a short visit, and the whole family seemed 
to feel that this was the pleasantest time in the whole 
week. 

That night when they had gone upstairs, Edward said 



BOSTON IN COLONL\L DAYS 41 

to his sister, " Ruthie, I should hate to be a girl on Sunday. 
You don't even get the chance to see how funny the sleepy, 
fat men look when they get rapped on the head with that 
cane." 



POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED 

1. About fifty years after Boston was settled there were more than 
fifteen thousand people in and around Boston. 

2. The people in the town and those living outside needed the things 
that the others produced, so they were glad to exchange goods. 

3. Three classes of people were found in the town: rich people, 
workingmen and their families, and servants. These classes were differ- 
ent in habits, education, religion, and interests. They were even called 
by different titles. 

4. The children of this time seemed to be small copies of their parents 
in dress and manners, and had practically no time for play. 

5. The Latin School prepared boys who had learned to read and 
write, to enter Harvard College. Private schools, called " dame schools," 
taught the younger boys reading, writing, and arithmetic, and taught 
the girls some reading and writing and much in the line of housekeeping. 

6. The people of Boston were serious people, who were interested 
in and enjoyed serious things. 

7. Town business was conducted by *' Selectmen," elected at a 
yearly town meeting in March. For many years, only church members 
had any vote in town meeting. 

8. Thursday was Lecture Day, a sort of half-Sunday, devoted to 
attending a religious lecture and meeting neighbors. 

9. Friday was Market Day, when the farm people brought in their 
products to trade with the town people. 

10. The Sabbath began at six o'clock on Saturday and lasted until 
six o'clock on Sunday. Sunday was devoted to long, solemn church 
services. 



42 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 






i?r " " 

C C '- D c ^ 

•M -w c/: *- <j *j 
S rt-5 '^ - - 




BOSTON IN COLONIAL DAYS 43 

QUESTIONS ON MAP OF 1670 

1. Where were the shallow baj^s? 

2. Where were the coves? 

3. Where w^re the three hills? 

4. At what parts of the shore had the land begun to be built out? 

5. Locate the Common. 

6. Locate the first meeting house. 

7. Locate the first schoolhouse. 

8. Locate Blackstone's house. 

9. Locate the springs. 

10. Locate the market place. 



V. REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 

On Mill Field, at the top of Copp's Hill, late one 
afternoon after school, three boys were playing at fight- 
ing Indians. Being brave white bo}'s, no one of them 
wanted to take the part of the Indian to be hunted, so 
they had to imagine that there w^ere some Indians. 
Two of the boys were armed with guns they had made 
out of branches of trees, whittled down with their knives 
to make them seem like real guns. The third boy had 
an old short sword, or cutlass, that a sailor uncle had 
given him for a plaything. Having the sword made him 
captain of the company and leader of the fighting. He 
killed several of the im:aginar\' Indians with his sword 
while his companions shot as many more. 

Finally only the Indian chief remained. Seeing that he 
could do nothing against three such lighters as these, 
away he ran down the hill tow^ards the water, the boys 
after him, Tommy Collins, the leader, waving his sword 
and shouting, ''After him, men, not a single enemy shall 
be left alive!" 

Part way down the hill, there was a thick clump of 
bushes which the boys spied. "He's hiding in those 
bushes. Go carefully, and wt'11 get him easily." With 
guns ready, on either side of their leader the boys went 
slowly up to the bushes, watching closely that the Indian 
did not surprise them and get aw^ay. Gently they drew 

44 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



45 



the bushes aside and found, not the Indian chief, but 
something which made them forget all about him. 

It was an opening in the side of the hill, not quite 
high enough for the boys to enter without stooping. 
The opening was nicely finished with rough bricks, and 
the boys were certain that it could not be a bear's den, 
nor that of any other animal, because animals were not 
in the habit of using bricks in making their dens. The 




Copp's Hill as it was after the Revolution 

opening was completely hidden by the bushes that the 
boys had noticed at first, and no one would ever think 
of its being there unless he knew about it. 

From Indian fighters, the boys became explorers at 
once. Because he was captain. Tommy went in first, 
feeling his way with his sword. A rat squealed and 
scampered out, and the boys backed out quickly, falling 
over each other on the ground, sure that the animal must 
be a lion at least. When they saw the poor, scared rat 



46 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

running down the hill as fast as its legs would carry it, 
they became brave men again and decided to find out 
what was inside. 

^'We can't do anything without a light, and it is almost 
time for supper, so we will come to-morrow after school. 
Don't tell a soul." These were the captain's orders, 
and he told each of the bo}'s to get a candle from home 
and meet him there the next afternoon. He would 
bring flint and steel to light the candles, and to-morrow 
they would know all about the wonderful place that they 
had found. 

No boys in school behaved better on the next day 
than these three, and their teachers might have thought 
that the boys expected Santa Claus to come that night, 
so well did they study and work. Nothing was going to 
keep them in after school if they could help it. Home 
they ran as soon as school was out, to get the things they 
needed, and, keeping out of sight of all other boys who 
might want to share the secret, they rushed off to meet 
at the bushes on the slope of Copp's Hill. 

Tommy struck a spark from the flint with the steel, 
caught it on a piece of soft cloth, and blew the spark into 
a blaze large enough to light the candles. There were no 
matches at this time, and the people had to kindle a 
fire in this way. The light showed a tunnel, running 
back into the hill, about four feet high in the center, 
six feet wide, and ten feet long, with another opening at 
the upper end. This tunnel had a dirt floor, packed down 
hard and smooth, while the sides and top made a half 
circle or archway of closely-set brick. This passageway 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



47 



was empty, but it looked as if people went through it 
very often. 

Bending their heads a little, the boys went through to 
the other end of the tunnel, wondering what they would 
find next. The farther opening led into a cave that was 
really a small room cut into the side of the hill. This 
room was slightly higher than the passageway, so that 
the boys could almost stand up straight. It was about 
twelve feet long by ten feet wide. Two side walls were 




Boys' Sports in Colonial Times 

the natural rocks of the hills, while the other tw^o were 
built of the rocks dug out in making the cave. 

The ceiling was made of heavy timbers with the ends 
resting on the rock walls, and the floor was of dirt. In 
the floor around the four sides of the cave was a shallow 
trench about two inches deep, made to carr\^ any water 
that might leak into the cave over to the sides of the 
passageway. From there it would run down to the 
opening and out, since the tunnel sloped do^vnward 
toward the opening. 



48 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

Piled up in this room were large, square chests covered 
with queer printing of some kind. On top of the chests 
were long, fiat packages, very strongly wrapped up, with 
a different sort of strange writing on them that looked 
like English but was not. On the floor were two or three 
smal'_ barrels or kegs that the boys tried to Hft, but found 
too heavy. They looked the things all over and decided 
that the square chests must contain tea, but they had 
no idea what might be in the packages. 

They had been in the cave some time now, and happen- 
ing to look out into the passageway. Tommy noticed 
that it was growing so dark that there was hardly any 
ligh : a c the opening. Fearing to be late for supper, the 
boys, much against their will, went down the tunnel to 
the entrance. When they were just inside the opening 
at the lower end of the tunnel, they saw a great, bearded 
man not twenty feet from the bushes, and he was coming 
towards the cave. Dropping candles and flint and steel, 
the boys dove through the bushes and started up the 
hill faster than the poor rat had gone down the day 
before. 

The man shouted at them, but that only made them 
go all the faster, until they stopped out of breath at the 
edge of Mill Field. Here they agreed that while the 
cave was a very wonderful place, it was also a good place 
to keep away from, if it belonged to men like the one 
they had just seen. Home they went through the grow- 
ing darkness, each hoping that he was not going to get 
into trouble through the day's fun, and, more important 
still, hoping that he would be home in time for supper. 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



49 



Tommy Collins was eight years old at this time, i 703, 
one of a large family of boys and girls who li\'ed on 
Prince Street. A short distance away was the . )rth 
Writing School that Tommy attended. This school is 
now known as the Eliot School, the oldest grammar school 
in Boston, having been started in 17 13. Here boys were 
taught wTiting, read- 




Thne cuts down all 
Boch great and fmail^ 

Made David Iss^ Ms 
Life. 

WJjaUs in the Sea 
God*s Voice obey. 



ing, spelhng, gram- 
mar, geography, and 
arithmetic. The 
school was under 
the direction of 
Master Tileston, or 
Master Johnny, as 
he was called, the 
most famous of 
Boston teachers, 
who was connected 
with the Boston 
schools for almost 
eighty years. 

Tommy was a real 
boy, fond of play, 
interested in all that 
happened around 
him, and very de- 
voted to all his brothers and sisters, but particularly fond 
of Jimmy, who was three years older than he w^as. 

He reached home after his adventure at the cave just 
in time to escape being sent to bed without his supper, 



Xerxes the great did 

die, 
And Co mult you U It 

Touib forward S 
Death foonell nip w 

Zacbeus he 

jDid climb thi Tree 

Hrt Lord to Un 



Facsimile of a Page from the "New 
England Primer" 



50 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

saying that he had been playing on Mill Field. He told 
no one about the wonderful discover}^ except Jimmy, 
to whom he told the whole stor\' when they were in bed 
together, and Jimmy promised to keep still about it. 

Sometime the next day the fire in the fireplace was 
allowed to go out so that the hearth might be thoroughly 
cleaned. When it was ready to be lighted again, no flint 
and steel could be found. Tommy was a truthful boy, 
so he told his mother the whole story. His mother 
scolded him for taking it without permission and told 
him that he must tell his father all about it. That night 
after supper, Tommy had to stand before the whole 
family and tell his wonderful tale to his father. 

The father became so interested that he forgot to 
scold Tom.my, but instead told the children what he 
thought the cave might be. He told them that France 
and England had been at war for m.any years, and that, 
although England had won at last, it had cost her an 
enorm^ous amount of money. The American colonies 
were getting ver}' rich and had many things to sell to 
other countries, and there were many things that they 
wished to buy from other countries. 

In order that England and English tradesmen and 
ship-o^Miers might make a profit from the trade of the 
colonies and so help the government to pay for the long 
wars, England made a number of laws to control the 
trade of the colonies, called Navigation Laws. These 
laws said that nothing could be shipped out of the 
colonies or brought into them except in English vessels, 
and that anything bought from or sent to a foreign 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



51 



country for the colonies must go to England first, where 
it would have to be taxed. 

Of course this did not please the business men of the 
colony, so they tried to do some business without obeying 
the laws. To do this they had to bring goods into the 
country secretly, and hide them until they could be sold 
and delivered. This was called smuggling, and the cave 
that Tommy had found was probably a smuggler's cave, 
where goods brought in secret- 
ly were hidden. He thought 
that the packages probably 
contained tea from Holland and 
silks from France, while the 
kegs were filled, no doubt, with 
gold coins that had been re- 
ceived in payment for American 
goods sold in the West Indies. 

So much smuggling was done 
that the customs officers, who 
were paid by the English gov- 
ernment to see that the Navi- 
gation Laws were obeyed, found an old law that gave 
them the right to search houses and stores for smuggled 
goods. Usually they would have to be very sure that 
there were such goods in the place they intended to 
search, and the permit or warrant that the court judge 
gave them would have printed upon it the name of the 
person whose place was to be searched, the location of the 
place, and the kind and quantity of the goods they ex- 
pected to find. 




King George III 
Who oppressed the Colonists 



52 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

This old law gave them the right to get permits or 
search warrants that had no names or places written 
upon them. These they used over and over again and 
often took away goods that never had been smuggled at 
all. These warrants without any names were called 
''Writs of Assistance," and they caused many a bitter 
light in Boston and in other places where they were used. 

The next day, on his way home from school, Tommy 
saw a crowd gathered in front of a large house near the 
school. The people in the street seemed angry and 
excited, while at the door of the house stood the sheriff 
with some of his officers and an ofhcer from the custom 
house. The door of the house was barred and bolted, 
and the owner leaned out of a window on the second 
floor with a gun in his hand. The customs officer and 
the sheriff demanded that the door be opened, as they 
had a "Writ of Assistance" to search the house. 

The owner said that he was a good citizen and would 
obey all just laws, but he felt that they had no right to 
search his house with that sort of warrant. He threatened 
to shoot the first man who tried to break open the door. 
The crowd in the street cheered him loudly, and the 
sheriff and his party, after talking the matter over, went 
away, with the crowd following, laughing and jeering 
because they had failed. According to the law, this 
house-owner did wrong in refusing to open the door, as 
the English law really did allow houses to be searched 
in this way; but the American colonists were beginning 
to feel that the only way that they could force England 
to change unjust laws was by refusing to obey them. 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



53 



This sort of trouble was \'ery frequent in Boston, and 
Tommy saw many houses and business places searched 
and goods carted away from them by the officers. His 
uncle, the sailor who had given him the sword, told him 



'^m 



I John J^i?nJ^ '/(.^>,/c'Ay/y/4 



l^^^^_^^ ^^ 




Signatures to the Petition Sent by the Colonists to 
King Geoege III 

Reduced facsimile of original in the British Public Record Office, 

London 

many exciting stories about smuggling goods on the 
vessels in which he sailed. 

The people of Boston were beginning to change a little 
in the way in which they acted toward English laws for 
governing the colonies. They began to feel that some of 
the laws that England had made for America wp-e in- 



54 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

tended to make the colonies lose much of the business 
they had started, and to let the merchants of England 
profit by the colonists' loss. They felt that this treat- 
ment was unfair, and that they needed only to call the 
attention of the king to this matter and he would see to 
it that everything was made right. It seemed to them 
that if they refused to obey the laws that seemed unjust, 
and at the same time made a protest to the king, the 
whole matter would be settled ver}' quickly and every- 
body would be justly treated. 

Many of the people did these two things and expected 
that the king would put an end to the unjust laws at 
once. The king and his friends seemed to take no notice 
of the letters of protest sent by the colonists, so the 
American people began to wonder whether it was be- 
cause the king did not receive their complaints or because 
he did not care. They became quite sure that the latter 
was the real reason, and this treatment made them more 
determined than ever not to obey laws that treated the 
i\merican colonists much more severely than they did 
the people in England. Many years before, when the 
colonies were first being settled, the king made a written 
promise to the people that the colonists who came to 
America should be treated exactly as they would have 
been if they had remained at home in England. 

For hundreds of years it had been the law in England 
that no tax should be put upon the people and no laws 
affecting their business affairs should be passed unless 
such tax and such laws were agreed to by the men whom 
the people of England had elected to help govern them. 



RFA'OLUTIOXARY BOSTON 



55 



The colonics were not allowed to send men o\er to Eng- 
land to help make the laws there, so they felt that any 
laws that were made to raise money or affect their busi- 
ness should be made by the colonists themselves. 

Nearly two years after his visit to the smugglers' cave, 
Tommy noticed that his father seemed very much troubled 
one night at supper. It was early in the spring of 1765, 
and his father had stopped on his way home from work 
to talk with some of the neighbors about a new law just 



Of\e 
Penny] 





Stamps made for the Colonies in 1765 

passed in England. The men said that the king had 
spent so much money that he could not raise any more 
from the people in England, so he was going to force the 
colonists to pay his bills. 

The king's friends in the law-making part of the 
English government, which w^as called Parliament, had 
made a law that said that all newspapers, bills of sale, 
insurance policies, and in fact all sorts of necessarv^ busi- 
ness papers must have stamps, that were sold at various 
prices, put upon them or the business would not be legal. 
This law was called the Stamp Act, and w^as to begin to 



56 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

take effect on November i, 1765. The stamps were to 
be printed in England and sent over to be sold to the 
colonists by men appointed by the king. All the money 
received in payment for stamps was to be sent over to 
England. This was the first time for many, many years 
that any king of England had tried to make the people 
give him money against their will. 

The men Tommy's father talked with said that the 
time had come for the colonists to show that they would 
not stand this sort of treatment. Tommy's father him- 
self said that he was willing and glad to do anything 
that most of the people thought was wise, and that 
there w^ould be meetings called in all parts of the colonies 
to find out what the people thought about the Stamp Act 
and what they should do about it. 

During the next few days, Tommy saw groups of 
angry men on every street corner talking about the new 
plan to get money from the people. Some said that the 
king wanted the money to build a fine new palace for 
himself. Others seemed to think that he wanted the 
money to support an army of soldiers that he intended 
to send over to guard against the French, who, he feared, 
might try again to take possession of some land in America. 
All agreed that it was serious business for the colonies, 
and that every man must join in refusing to buy and use 
the stamps. 

Summer came on and meetings were held, at w^hich 
prominent men spoke very strongly against the stamps. 
Samuel Adams and James Otis were two of the Boston 
men who did all that they could to make the Boston 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



57 



people see how unjust these new plans of the king were. 
They talked to the people, appealed to the governor for 
his help with the king and parliament, and even wrote 
to the leaders of parliament. James Warren, who was a 
relative of Otis', arranged a plan by w^hich men in each 
colony wrote to the other colonies to tell how things were 
going on in the different parts of the country, and what 
the people were planning to do. 
Still the king and parliament 
gave no sign that they would 
change their minds about the 
stamps. 

Indeed, the king named the 
m.en who were to be appointed 
agents to sell the stamps in the 
different parts of the colonies. 
To do this work in Boston, he 
chose Andrew Oliver, who had 
been lieutenant governor of the 
colony. Oliver started to have 
a new building built on Mackerel 
Lane near what is now Postoffice Square, and the people 
believed that this was to be the place w^here the stamps 
were to be sold. 

On the 14th of August, Tommy heard that something 
exciting had happened at the other end of the town, 
so, as soon as he had his breakfast, off he rushed to see 
what it might be. Near what is now the corner of Wash- 
ington and Essex Streets, there was a large, open field 
mth some great elm trees upon it. One of these trees 




Samuel Adams 

After the portrait by Copley in 
Boston Museum of Fine Arts 



58 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



was a particularly large one, with wide spreading branches. 
A large flagpole had been run up through it, so that a 
flag might be flown above the top of the tree. Beneath 
it was a very level, grassy stretch of ground, known as 
Hanover Square, and used as a place of public meeting 
in fair weather. Later this tree came to be called the 
"Liberty Tree " and the ground beneath it " Liberty Hall." 



.^<^V^'-^^'H^ 




The "Liberty Tree"' 

Formerly there were no houses so near this tree, and the space beneath 
it was used as a public meeting place. Also a flagpole had been run up through 
the tree and a flag was flown above its highest branches. The site of the tree 
is now marked by a tablet on a building on Washington Street near Essex 
Street. From Antique Vicics of Yc Town of Boston 



Under the tree Tommy found a large crowd of people, 
laughing and pointing at something that hung from the 
branches. During the night, someone had hung two 
stufTed figures about the size of men in such a way that 
they looked as if they had been hung in punishment for 
a serious crime. One was made to look like a man with a 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 59 

face \'cr}' much like that of Andrew Oh\'er, the stamp 
agent, and dressed in the kind of clothes that he wore. 

The other figure was like a huge boot, mtended to 
represent Lord Bute, who was the man in parliament 
who had done the most to get the Stamp Act passed. 
The hanging of these figures was an insult to the men they 
represented, and was a hint of what the people would 
like to do to the men themselves. 

People came from all parts of the town to Hanover 
Square, and the figures remained there all day, in spite 
of the fact that Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson ordered 
the sheriff to take them down. The sheriff feared that 
the people might become ugly and troublesome if he 
tried to interfere. Early in the evening, certain well- 
kno^\^l men came, took the figures down, and formed a 
funeral procession with a great crowd of men, women, 
and children following them. You may be sure that 
Tommy was there, as close to the front of the procession 
as he could get. Down the main street of the town, 
since called Washington Street, they marched, very 
quietly, until they came to the town house at the head 
of King Street. 

There was an archway at the street lexel of the town 
house, and into this the leaders marched and halted. 
Upstairs over the archway, the governor was seated at 
business with his counselors. The leaders of the pro- 
cession shouted, "Liberty, Property, and no Stamps!" 
The rest of the crowd took up the cry until it was so 
loud that it must have been heard a long distance. On 
the marching band went to the new building that Ohver 



6o BOSTON AND HER STORY 

had begun to build. This the crowd tore to pieces, 
taking the wood with them to OUver's house at Fort 
Hill. Here they built a great bonfire and burned the 
stuffed figures, while some of the crowd did great damage 
to Oliver's property. 

Oliver fled from the house and a few days later publicly 
resigned his position as stamp agent at a meeting in 
Hanover Square. The next week a similar crowd attacked 
the splendid home of Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson, 
who was really the ruler of the colony, as Governor 
Bernard usually went out of town somewhere on a visit 
when any trouble arose. Hutchinson's house was on 
Garden Court near Hanover Street, and was the grandest 
house in town. The mob destroyed the house, with all 
its valuable books, pictures, and papers, while Hutchinson 
and his family w^re able to escape being killed only by 
running quickly away. 

In October, nine of the colonies sent men to a meeting 
in New York, while the other four colonies sent word 
that they would agree to anything that this meeting, 
should decide was for the best interest of the whole 
country. This meeting was called the Stamp Act 
Congress, and it sent a very strong message to England, 
which resulted, after several months, in the repealing 
or stopping of the Stamp Act. England did not give in 
entirely, but said that she had the right to tax the colo- 
nies, but would no longer try to sell the stamps. 

On March i8, 1766, when word came to America that 
the king and parhament had given up the idea of the 
stamps, the colonies fairly went wild with joy. Great 



RE\ OLUTIONARY BOSTON 



6i 



celebrations were made, for the people felt that they had 
won a great victory. In England, the king and his 
friends were quietly laying plans for making the colonies 
pay taxes in other ways. 

The next year parliament passed some laws putting 
a tax on all paper, glass, cloth, tea, and several other 
articles brought into the colonies. These laws were 




Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson's House 

Built before 1700, demolished in 1834. It stood upon what is now 
Garden Court Street 

called the Townshend Acts, from the name of the man 
who proposed the laws. They were intended to raise 
money to support an army in the American colonies 
and to pay the salaries of the governors, judges, and other 
officers appointed by the king to rule the colonies. 
When these officials were paid with money sent from 
England, as this new plan intended, instead of by the 
colonists themselves, they would be anxious to do what 



62 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

their English friends told them to do, in order to be sure 
of being well paid and of keeping their positions. 

The colonists refused to buy any of the goods that 
were so taxed, aad in all the colonies most of the people 
agreed to do without these goods as long as the tax 
remained upon them. The result was that very little, 
if any, money was raised in this way, and trade in these 
articles stopped almost entirel}\ At the same time, 
letters were sent to parliament by the Americans ob- 
jecting to the taxes as unjust, while the business men in 
England protested because their business was being 
ruined by the refusal of the colonists to buy their goods. 
The matter was ended by parliament taking off all the 
taxes except a small one on tea, which was left on, not 
for the sake of any money that it might bring, but to 
make the people understand that England had the right 
to tax them. 

The trouble over the stamps and the other taxes made 
the governor feel that he was losing his control over the 
people of Boston, and from that time on, many little 
things happened to show him that his power was growing 
steadily less. He was appointed by the king, but the 
Boston people would obey only the men whom they 
themselves had elected to govern the town and would 
pay very little attention to any of the governor's orders. 
Soon he began writing to England asking that some 
soldiers be sent to help him rule the town. After many 
letters on the subject, his request was granted, and it 
was promised that soldiers would be sent to Boston. 
Instead of making things easier for him, the coming of 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



63 



the troops got the governor into worse trouble in a short 
time. 

In September, 1768, Tommy was at the wharf, with all 
the other boys, to see the British soldiers land. Two 
regiments of soldiers and eight war vessels were sent 
over from England to help the governor, as he had re- 
quested. The boys had heard much angry talk in the 







The Landing of British Troops in Boston in September, 1768 
From Antique Views of Ye Town of Boston 

town when it was said that troops were coming, but the 
people knew that they could do nothing about it, as 
the soldiers could easily force the town folks to do what- 
ever the governor ordered. 

They thought that the soldiers would be kept at 
Castle William in the harbor, now known as Fort Inde- 
pendence on Castle Island at City Point. They would 
probably only come into the town in case of trouble, so 



64 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

they made up their minds to pay as httle attention as 
possible to their coming and to keep out of their way. 
The crowd saw them land, and watched them quietly, 
admiring their smart appearance in their bright red coats, 
but they felt that it was wrong to send soldiers to a peace- 
ful town to make the people obey unjust law^s. 

The people were much surprised and very angry to 



Castle Willlam 

As it appeared shortly after the Revolutionary War. From Antique Views 

of Ye Town of Boston 

find that the soldiers, instead of going to the Castle 
in the harbor, made a parade to the Common and took 
up headquarters right in the center of the towm, using 
Faneuil Hall and the town house on King Street, where 
the Old State House now stands, as well as the Common. 
The men of the town tried in every way to get the governor 
to send the troops to the Castle, telling him that their 
being in town would only start trouble, but the governor 



RE\OLUTIONARY BOSTON 



6S 



was afraid that a mob of town people might attack his 
property, so he must have his regiments as near him as 
possible. 

The soldiers remained where they had been placed at 
first, and for a while everything went along smoothly. 
The people had as little to do with the troops as possible, 
and most of the soldiers seemed anxious to keep out of 




Faneuil Hall, Boston, in Colonial Times 
"The Cradle of Liberty" 

trouble. Tommy and the other boys became friendly 
with some of the soldiers when they were off duty, and 
many soldiers, especially the older ones, were very good 
to the children, but when these men were on duty, even 
the children seemed to remember why the troops were 
in town and kept away from them. 

After a few months, the soldiers seemed to get tired of 



66 BOSTON AND HER SIORY 

the rjuiet life in the town and began to do exciting things 
and to make a good deal of noise. This soon led to bad 
feeling between them and the town people, and many 
little quarrels started. Man}' of the officers felt that they 
were better than the Boston people and were mean and 
unjust in their dealings with them. 

Stories of these affairs were told around the town, and 
the boys, Tommy included, often made fun of and jeered 
at the officers and soldiers. The older boys and young 
men often got into rough fights with the troops, using 
fists, sticks, and stones. 

One day early in March, 1770, Tommy was with a 
group of boys on King Street when a well-dressed officer 
went by. A young boy in the crowd who worked for a 
barber shouted, ''He looks \'ery fine, but he is too mean 
to pay the man who dresses his hair!" The officer paid 
no attention to the remark, but a soldier standing near 
caught hold of the boy and struck him two or three 
times, knocking him down. The boy w^as not much hurt, 
but he made a great noise, and the men and boys who 
were near made a rush for the soldier. Other soldiers 
came to help him and the crowd was driven away. In 
the early evening of that same day, which was March 5th, 
some young men had trouble wath soldiers in Cornhill, 
but were chased away. They roamed around town in an 
angr}' mood and soon found more trouble. 

At the door of the customs house on King Street, 
at the corner of Exchange Street, stood a soldier on 
guard. In the crowd was the barber's boy who had 
been struck by the soldier for insulting the officer. This 



REXOLUTIONARV HOSTON 



67 



boy cried out that the guard at the door of the customs 
house was the soldier who had struck him. At this the 
crowd began to throw snow and ice at the soldier, who 




The Old State House, Boston 

The present building was erected in 1748-1740, on the site occupied since 
1657 by the Town House 

shouted for help. More soldiers came, and soon Captain 
Preston, the officer in charge, arrived. He warned the 
soldiers not to fire at the people, and at the same time 
men in the crowd dared the soldiers to fire. 



68 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



One man tried to take 
the gun away from a sol- 
dier, and the soldier be- 
came excited and shot 
the man dead. Six other 
soldiers then hred, and in 
a moment five townsmen 
had been killed and 
several wounded. Then 
the crowd ran away from 
King Street. Intense ex- 
citement spread over the 




The Old South Meeting House, Boston 

"The Sanctuary of Freedom." The present building dates from 1729, while its 
predecessor was erected in 1670 

whole town. Alarm bells were rung, and angry crowds 
filled the streets. Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson calmed 
the people by ordering Captain Preston and the seven 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



69 



soldiers who had fired to be arrested for murder, and 
promised to do what he could on the next day to make 
everything right. Also a number of prominent men under 
the lead of Samuel Adams called a meeting at Faneuil 
Hall for the next day and got together a company of 




The Boston Massacre 
After the engraving by Paul Revere 

citizens to keep order in the town. The crowd went home 
quietly, and there was no further trouble that night. 

The next morning the people began to pour into the 
center of the town for the meeting. They were quiet 
and orderly, but fully determined that the soldiers must 
be sent out of town. Faneuil Hall would not hold the 



70 



BOSTOX AND HER STORY 





OPPOSITE THIS SPOT 
VA5 SHED THE riRSr BLOOD 

or THE 

AAERiCAN REVOLUTION 

AARCH y" 1770 



ill 






crowd at the meeting, so the men went to the Old South 
Church, and more than three thousand packed into the 
building and overflowed into the street outside. After 
messengers had been sent back and forth between the 
meeting and the go\xrnor's house for several hours, 

Lieutenant Governor 
Hutchinson agreed to 
send both regiments of 
soldiers to the Castle. 

By evening of the next 
day all the troops had 
been removed from the 
town, and peace came to 
Boston for a little while. 
Captain Preston and his 
soldiers were tried for 
their part in the trouble, and two of the soldiers w^ere 
found guilty and punished, by having the letter M, 
standing for "Murderer," burned upon the palms of 
their hands wdth hot irons. 

This shooting of Americans was called "The Boston 
Massacre," and the date, March 5th, w^as especially 
observed for a number of years. 

Tommy was growing up all this time and w^as nearly 
eighteen years old when the next real trouble came. He 
was eager to do his part as a real American and w^as to be 
found sharing in almost ever}^ plan that the boys and 
young men made for helping to keep Boston a fit place 
for free men to live in. When the next important event 
happened, w^e find that he had a real part to play. He 



Tablet near the Spot where the 
First Blood was shed 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 71 

had learned the valuable lesson of not talking about 
everything he saw or heard. He thought about these 
things but did not say very much, so that the older men 
came to know him as a youth to be trusted and as one 
who would not boast about what he was going to do, 
but would go carefully and silently about doing whatever 
he set out to do. 

The tax question was still troubling the people. All 
taxes had been taken off except the one on tea, and that 
had been so arranged that the colonists could buy the 
tea, tax and all, cheaper than they could smuggle it from 
Holland. This was a plan made by the king to fool 
the people into paying the tax which he still claimed the 
right to collect. However cheap it might be, the people 
would not buy the tea as long as any tax remained upon 
it, so the king decided to send the tea to the colonies 
and force the people to pay the tax whether they used 
the tea or not. Vessels were ordered to load with tea 
in England and go to different ports in the colonies, 
and there unload it. Once the tea was landed the tax 
would have to be paid. 

Three shiploads were sent to Boston, and certain men 
were named to receive the tea in each place. A Mr. 
Rotch was one of the men named to receive part of the 
tea in Boston. If these men did not unload the tea within 
twenty days after the vessels came into port, the customs 
ofhcers could unload it and collect the tax. After a 
vessel had come into port, it could not go out again until 
the customs ofhcers gave the owners of the vessel papers 
to show that all taxes had been paid, or until the governor 



72 



BOSTON AXD HER STORY 



allowed the vessel to go out. There was no way to stop 
the vessels from coming in with the tea, and there did 
not seem to be much hope of sending them out again 
without unloading it. It looked very much as if the tea 
would have to be landed in Boston; but Samuel Adams 




The Province House 

The royal governors before the Revolutionary War ruled INIassachusetts 
from this house. It stood in what is now Province Court. (By permission of 
the Bostonian Society) 

had a plan that was worth trying if no other way could 
be found. 

One vessel, the Dartmouth, came in first, and then two 
others followed. A guard of citizens was placed on the 
wharf to see that no tea was landed until the people 
should tr}' to have it sent back. The customs officers 
would not allow the vessels to go out with the tea. The 



RE\OLL riOXARV BOSTON 73 

governor was appealed to, but no promise could the 
men get from him, and the twentieth day arrived To- 
morrow the customs officers could land the tea, and 
King George would win his fight for the tax. 

On the morning of the twentieth day, Tommy received 
word that Mr. Adams wanted him at once at a certain 
house near Beacon Hill. This was probably the house of 
a printer on Court Street, then called Queen Street. He 
went, of course, and there met a number of men all older 
than himself. Each was given some instructions and 
they went out one by one. 

This last day was Thursday, December 16, 1773, and a 
meeting was called at ten o'clock in the morning in 
Faneuil Hall. So large was the number of people who 
came, that the leaders changed the place of. meeting to 
the Old South Church, which was entirely filled, with 
many hundreds left out in the street. Messengers were 
sent to the governor to get his permission for the tea 
ship to leave without unloading, after the customs officers 
had refused again to let the vessels go, but Governor 
Hutchinson had left town and had gone to Milton to be 
out of the way. The meeting was postponed until three 
o'clock in the afternoon, and Mr. Rotch, one of the tea 
agents, was sent to Milton to see the governor. It was 
a long trip in those days, and it took a good while to 
get out there and back. In the afternoon the meeting 
waited for Mr. Rotch to return. It began to grow dark 
before there was any sign of his coming. 

Tommy was able to crowd into the church and had a 
place just inside the door. When it began to grow dark. 



74 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



he slipped out of his place and disappeared to carry out 
the instructions he had received that morning. 

Shortly after six o'clock, Mr. Rotch came and reported 
that the governor would not allow the vessels to go. 
It was rather dark in the church, and there was hardly 
a sound from the crowd, until Samuel Adams jumped up 




£1? vaaa w amm ski Ess.Ds.iz^raaiii Qmm ms^ ci?si eaausss m ? si 
mfiu 11512 iiaei&ia^.waai >fflsas!i aas i^ooinr tcj) eaasis S3 ;>m.B!W9 'bsb saa. 



::^ 



Tablet marking the Site of the Boston Tea Party 
Atlantic Avenue, Boston 

and shouted, ''This meeting can do nothing more to save 
the country!" 

Just as he finished, an Indian warwhoop was heard 
outside, and a band of more than fifty men dressed as 
Indians was seen running off down the street in the 
dark, heading towards GrifBn's Wharf, where the tea 
ships were. x\board the vessels they went, some to each 
ship, and soon chests of tea were being smashed open and 
the tea dumped overboard. They worked quickly and 
silently, and did not stop until every chest of tea in the 
three vessels had been emptied into the water of Boston 



" REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 75 

Harbor. This affair was known as ''The Boston Tea 
Party/' and it settled the tax in Boston. 

(It was many months before Tommy's mother got the 
last of the red paint off her towels.) 

In the other colonies, the tea was destroyed by burning 
the vessels, or, as in some cases where the people were 
able to persuade the officers to be reasonable, the ships 




The Boston Tea Party 
From an old print 

were sent back to England, with the tea still on board. 
King George's plan of forcing the colonies to pay the 
tax proved to be a failure. The king's friends felt that 
Boston was the place where all the trouble started, and 
that the Boston people encouraged those in the other 
colonies to refuse to pay the taxes. They said that for 
these reasons Boston and Massachusetts must be 
punished and punished so severely that no attempt ever 



76 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

would be made again tc discbey any law that might be 
made. To do this they had parliament pass some new 
laws which the Americans called the ''Intolerable Acts," 
meaning that they were so severe and unjust that the 
people felt that they could put up with that sort of 
treatment no longer. 

There were five of these laws which affected Boston 
very seriously and made life very hard for folks in the 
town. The first was called the Boston Port Bill. It 
ordered that, beginning June i, 1774, no vessel should be 
allowed to go in or out of Boston Harbor, until the 
destroyed tea had been paid for. There were warships in 
the harbor to see that this law was obeyed, and not even 
a rowboat or fishing boat was allowed on the water. 

The purpose of this law was to starve the town people 
so, or to frighten them so, that they would try to raise 
the money to pay for the tea quickly. Instead of having 
this effect, this law made the people most determined 
never to pay for the tea. Many of the towns around 
sent in by land food and other things needed in town, 
while money and expressions of sympathy and support 
came to Boston from all the other colonies. 

The second law was the Massachusetts BiU, that took 
away the charter of the colony by which the people had 
been given the right of electing most of their public 
officers, and sent General Gage from New York to Boston 
with several regiments of soldiers to rule the colony. 

The third law was the Quartering Act, which allowed 
General Gage to send his soldiers into the homes of the 
people and to make the people feed the soldiers and 



RE\'OLUTIONARY BOSTON 



77 



provide rooms for them. This sending of soldiers into 
private homes, instead of keeping the troops all together 
in barracks or a camp, is called quartering, and had 
never been done before with English troops in times of 
peace. 

The Massachusetts Bill did away with all elected 
ofhcers in the whole colony of Massachusetts and stopped 




The House of John Hancock which faced Boston Common 

all courts except such as General Gage established. In 
spite of this law, the towns of the colony sent men to a 
new assembly, formed with Samuel Adams and John 
Hancock as leaders. This body made the laws and 
started to raise an army for the protection of the colony. 
The colonial soldiers were called ''Minute Men," because 
they were not kept together like a regular army, but 
stayed at their ordinary work. • When an alarm came, 
they would seize a gun and be ready to fight in a minute. 
Many had fought in the wars with France, and these 



7S 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



men helped to train new men by drilling them every 
evening in little companies in the different towns. 

The people paid no attention whatever to any orders 
given by General Gage, except in Boston, where the 
soldiers were on hand to make the people obey. This 
assembly under John Hancock had no power whatever 

under the English law, but the 
colonists looked upon it as the 
real government of the colon}^ and 
carried out its ' orders faithfully, 
even to the storing of powder, 
bullets, and other supplies in 
places a few miles from Boston, 
out of the reach of the British 
soldiers. 

The fourth law was the Trans- 
portation Act, which allowed 
General Gage to send any person 
charged with a serious offense to 
England or Nova Scotia for trial. 
This meant that if the person was 
an American he would be almost 
sure of being found guilty, while 
if he was a British soldier he was equally sure of being set 
free. This made the British soldiers feel that if they shot 
citizens, as they had done in the Boston Massacre, there 
was ever>^ chance that they would not be punished at all. 
It was directly contrary to the English law in force 
for several hundred years, which required that a person 
charged with crime be tried in the place where the deed 




The Minute Man 

From the statue at Concord, 
^lass. 



RE\'OLUTIONARY BOSTON 



79 



was done, by a body of men called a jury, who should 
be best able to give the person a fair trial. 

The fifth law was called the Quebec Act. This gave 
all the land claimed by Massachusetts in the territory 
taken from France to the province of Quebec. This 
took away from Massachusetts the chance to gain a 
large amount of money by 
selling land there to new 
settlers. 

These new laws not only 
made it very hard for the 
Massachusetts colony and es- 
pecially for the town of Boston, 
but it had the effect of arous- 
ing all the other colonies and 
making them see that what 
had happened in Massachusetts 
might easily happen to them. 

Thk madp thpm pj^crpr fn Viplr* After the portrait by Copley, 

ims maae mem eager to neip pamted in 1774, in Boston Mu- 

MaSSachusettS to resist these seum of Fine Arts 

laws and to win back the rights that belonged to them 
as English citizens. 

On September 5, 1774, fifty-six men met in Carpenters' 
Hall in Philadelphia. These men had been sent there by 
the different colonies to discuss the conditions in the 
colonies and to plan what they could do to better these 
conditions. This was called the First Continental 
Congress. All the colonies except Georgia sent men to 
it, and Georgia agreed to do whatever this congress 
decided should be done. First these men sent a petition 




John Hancock 



8o 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



to King George objecting to the Intolerable Acts and 
asking that they be ended at once. 

Then Congress got the colonies to agree not to buy 
English goods of any kind. Next it promised to support 
Massachusetts faithfully if it became necessar}^ for her 
to fight against the soldiers in Boston. A complete 

system of letter writers 
was arranged in each 
colony to keep all the 
other colonies informed 
of all important happen- 
ings. This plan was 
called the '' Committees of 
Correspondence . ' ' This 
congress decided upon 
May lo, 1775, in Phila- 
delphia as the time and 
place of the next meet- 
ing. 

In Boston things were 
in a very sad state. AU 
business had stopped, 
most men were out of 
work, food was scarce, and the people really suffered. Ex- 
cept for many of the wealthy class who were openly friendly 
with General Gage and his men, there was hardly a family 
that did not feel want very keenly; but this condition 
only made them firmer in their determination to resist. 
General Gage had orders from England not to allow 
meetings of any kind, and to arrest Samuel Adams and 




Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 1774 
Where the First Continental Congress met 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 8i 

John Hancock for being leaders in all tlie trouble and 
to send them to England to be hanged, together with 
any other leaders whom he thought dangerous. Gage 
vvas a somewhat easy-going man and seemed unwilling 
to do things to arouse the people to the point where 
they would make great trouble for him. The people 
paid no attention to his orders and held meetings when- 
ever the occasion arose that required a meeting, while 
Adams and Hancock went about their business openly 
in the town, as if there had been no order for their arrest. 

Because there were so many English soldiers in town, 
it was not possible for the town people to do much in 
the way of training recruits, but there was hardly a 
boy or man in Boston who did not steal out of town 
once or twice a week to drill with the companies in the 
nearby places, where the town soldiers drilled every 
evening. Tommy went as often as he could to drill with 
a large company at Cambridge. 

In March, 1775, General Gage received orders a 
second time to arrest Hancock and Adams at once, and 
he felt that he could not put off obeying any longer. 
He did not quite dare to arrest them openly in Boston, 
because he felt sure that to do this would mean a serious 
quarrel and perhaps real fighting with the town folks, 
so he waited for a good chance to do it quietly. The 
chance came in the middle of April. 

The Assembly of the colony, of which the two men 
were the leaders, was meeting in Concord, and after its 
meeting was ended on April 15th, Hancock and Adams 
went to stav for a few days with a friend in Lexington. 



BOSTOxX AND HER STORY 



General Gage learned that they had done this, and 
thought that it would be easy to capture the two men 
there, and at the same time capture the supplies of 
powder which he had heard the colonists had stored in 
Concord, only eight miles away. 
On the night of the eighteenth of April, he ordered 




Old Xokth Church 

This church was torn down and 
used for hrewood by the British 
soldiers during the Revohitionary 
War. 

By permission of the Bostonian Society 



Christ Church 



The tablet on the front of this 
church states that it was from its 
steeple that Paul Revere's signal 
lanterns were shown. 



eight hundred soldiers to go to Lexington, capture Han- 
cock and Adams, and then go on to Concord and capture 
or destroy the powder stored there. Everything was to 
be done secretly, and great care was taken that no one 
should know about it before the soldiers started on their 
errand. Doctor Warren, who was the leader of the town 
people in the absence of Hancock and Adams, somehow 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



8 



found out what was going on, and sent Paul Revere 
across the Charles River in a boat, to wait on the Charles- 
town side with a horse, until the troops started and it 
could be found out which way they intended to march. 

When the route the soldiers were to take seemed 
certain, signals were flashed with lanterns from the 
steeple of the Old North Church. Paul Revere planned 
that one light should be shown if the soldiers were going 
to march by way of Roxbury, going all the way by land, 
and two lights if they were to 
be taken across the Charles 
River in boats, to begin their 
march from Cambridge. When 
he got the message, which was 
given by two lights, telling him 
that the soldiers were to cross 
the river to Cambridge, Revere 
rode off at top speed, arousing 
the people in every house he 
passed until he came to the 
house of Reverend Jonas Clark, 
where Hancock and Adams 
were staying. Soon the whole town was awake, alarm 
bells were heard off among the hills, and signal fires were 
lighted. 

Minute men came rushing into town to protect it 
from the British soldiers, and Hancock and Adams were 
advised to slip off through the fields, as so much depended 
upon their being free that it would be unwise for them 
to risk any chance of being captured. The two men 




Paul Revere 
After the picture by Gilbert Stuart 



84 



BOS'J OX AM) HER STORY 



took the advice of their friends and made their way 
to Salem and then to Philadelphia where they were to 
attend the Second Continental Congress. 

By the time the British troops reached Lexington, it 
was almost sunrise, and as they had heard the alarm 
bells ringing, they knew that their coming was expected. 
On the village green there were about fifty minutemen 




The Battle of Lexington, April iq, 1775 

After an engraving made by two Continental militiamen who were 

in the battle 

under the command of Captain John Parker. The 
British commander ordered them to break ranks and 
go home, but they stood where they were and waited. 
The British soldiers were ordered to fire. This they did, 
killing eight of the minutemen and wounding ten more. 
The Americans kept firing in return until Captain 
Parker saw how much too large a force the British were 
for his small band to fight, and then he ordered his men 
to retreat. 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



85 



The Britisl"! tr()()])s went on to Concord, but most of 
the supphes had been hidden safely, so they destroyed 
a Uttle property and then rested. The minutemen were 
watchmg them while more Americans kept coming in 
from the distant towns. Soon a body of Americans 
attacked one part of the British force at Concord Bridge 
and defeated it, but did not attempt to attack the main 
body of troops. A short while after this, the British 







The Battle at Concord, April 19, 1775 

rom the engraving by Anthony Doolittle in the Hancock-Clarke House 

at Lexington . 

commander ordered his men to start back to Boston, 
as there was nothing he could gain by remaining in Con- 
cord, especially as more of the Americans kept coming in. 
On the way back the Americans attacked the British 
from behind fences, at every turn of the road, in every 
little village, until on the last part of the march the 
English threw away guns and every other burden they 
carried, and ran as fast as their tired legs could carr\^ 
them. They were met by some fresh troops a few miles 
from Boston in the western part of Somerville. This was 



86 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



the only thing that saved these soldiers from being 
captured by the Americans. Nearly three hundred of 
the British soldiers were killed on that day, while about 
ninety of the Americans died. The trip to Lexington 
and Concord was a failure, and General Gage saw that 
he had real war on his hands. 
While these things were going on outside the town, 




The Retreat from Lexington and Concord 

the to^^^l people began to be aroused and to take their 
part in the struggle. On the night of Paul Revere's 
ride, as Tommy lay awake in bed, facing the window of 
his room on the top floor of the house, his eye was at- 
tracted by the sudden flashing of lanterns in the steeple 
of the Old North Church. 
He jumped out of bed and looked out of the window 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 87 

to see if he could make out the meaning of the Hghts. 
In the stiUness of the night, he could hear the distant 
hoof-beats of a horse running at full speed. The sound 
soon died away, and he knew that the horse was carrying 
somebody off through the countryside on a most im- 
portant errand. Still listening at the window, he heard 
in the town a dull, hea\y sound of moving feet, as if a 
large body of troops was being moved as quietly as 
possible. Sure enough, over beyond the causeway he 
could see boatloads of soldiers being carried across to the 
Cambridge shore. 

There was no sleep for him that night, as he woke up 
his brother Jimmy, and the two boys talked and wondered 
about what Tommy had seen. Finally they dressed and 
decided that it was their duty to find out what the leader, 
Doctor Warren, would have for them to do. When they 
got out of the house, they found that they were not the 
only ones awake, as quite a number of houses seemed to 
have people moving around inside. Shortly after mid- 
night the young men found Doctor Warren, who told 
them that the best thing for them to do was to try to get 
out of town and join the companies with which they had 
been drilling. 

General Gage had given strict orders that no one should 
be allowed to leave the town; yet in spite of these orders, 
Paul Revere got out and over to Charlestown, to go to 
Lexington that way, and William Dawes got by the 
guards at the other end of the town and rode by way of 
Roxbury on the same errand, to warn Hancock and 
Adams 



88 BOSTOX AND HER STORY 

The guard was not as strict as (ieneral Gage had 
expected it to be, so Tommy and Jimmy were able to 
sHp through the hnes and join the companies to which 
they belonged, Jimmy in Roxbury and Tommy in Cam- 
bridge. What they did, others did also, so that by sun- 
rise there w^re not ver>^ many men who were able to 
handle a gun who had not gone out to see if they could 
not have a hand in whatever business was going on. 

Tommy's company did not get a chance to do much 
fighting this time, as most of the trouble was farther 
away from Boston, and this company- did not move from 
Cambridge. However disappointed he ma}' have been 
to be left out of things this time, he more than made up 
for it later on. 

Instead of going back into town when the exciting 
day was over, he remained in Cambridge and saw new 
companies of iVmerican troops come into the camp at 
Cambridge almost every hour. Some came from towns 
near at hand, while others came from as far off as Connecti- 
cut. Within three or four days after the fight at Lexington 
and Concord, General Gage found himself shut up in 
Boston, with an army of nearly sixteen thousand colonial 
troops, most of them village companies from Massa- 
chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, 
surrounding him on the land side from Roxbury to 
Charlestown neck, with headquarters at Cambridge. 
The purpose of this army was to make General Gage 
take his soldiers aboard the war vessels in the harbor 
and sail away from Boston. 

While this was going on, two important things were 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



89 



happening in other places, one in Philadelphia, the other 
in England. The Second Continental Congress met in 
Philadelphia, on May 10, 1775, and, while it had no real 
right to rule the colonies, it set about doing what it 
could to straighten matters out. It sent a man, Richard 
Penn, a descendant of William Penn, who settled Pennsyl- 




BosTON, Bunker Hill, and Charlestown, 1775 

vania, to England to see the king. Many hoped that 
Penn could persuade him to put an end to the things 
that were causing the trouble in America. It recognized 
the army that w^as surrounding Boston as the Continental 
Army, requested the other colonies, to send soldiers and 
supplies to Cambridge, and chose George Washington to 
be commander in chief of the army. 



90 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

In England the king's friends were very angry at 
-General Gage for making a failure of the affair at Lexing- 
ton and Concord, so they sent General WilKam Howe to 
help him and to take his place as soon as General Howe 
should understand the situation in Boston well enough 
to do so. Generals Burgoyne and Clinton, two of the 
ablest Enghsh officers of that time, were also sent, and 
Lord Howe, a brother of the general, came to take 
command of all the warships in America. These officers 
brought a large number of fresh soldiers. With their 
help General Gage felt that he could now crush the 
American army, before he should lose his own position 
as leader of the British troops. 

Tommy was still in the camp in Cambridge, and had 
become a good soldier. He had a gun, a powder horn, 
and a box for bullets, but no uniform of any kind. In 
fact, there were hardly a dozen uniforms in his whole 
company. This lack of uniforms did not keep the men 
from learning to march and to shoot remarkably well. 

General Ward was in command of all the troops until 
General Washington should come. He heard that 
General Gage was going to send troops to hold Bunker 
Hill, in Charlestown, for fear that the Americans might 
take up their position there, and so be able to make him 
ver}^ uncomfortable in Boston, and perhaps force him to 
leave the town. General Ward decided to get his men 
there ahead of the British; so, on the night of June i6, 
1775, he sent Colonel Prescott with about twelve hundred 
men to fortify this hill. They reached the place late at 
night and decided to go farther along and fortify Breed's 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



91 



Hill just beyond, instead. General Putnam came later 
in the night with more American soldiers. He fortified 
Bunker Hill, so that now both hills were held by the 
Americans. 

In the early morning the war vessels in the harbor 
discovered the soldiers on the hills, and fired at them 
all the forenoon. During this 
time the British generals were 
planning how they could drive 
the Americans out of the new 
positions they had taken. At 
noon General Gage began to 
send soldiers across to Charles- 
town to get ready to drive out 
the Americans. These soldiers 
were landed on a point of land 
near what is now the Charles- 
town Navy Yard, and in the 
middle of the afternoon the order 
to begin the attack was given. 

Tommy's company was in a 
trench on Breed's Hill. Their 

commander ordered them not to fire until the British 
were very close. One of the officers, Colonel Prescott, 
ordered, ''Don't fire until you see the white of their 
eyes." In this way there would be less chance of 
their bullets missing the enemy, and so wasting their 
shots. The enemy came up the hill, nearer, nearer, and 
then came the order, "Fire!" Down went the lines of 
British soldiers, shot to pieces. The few who were left 







Statue of Colonel William 
Prescott at Bunker Hill 



92 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

iired in return and then retreated down the hill. More 
than a hundred British lay dead on the hill. Up the 
hill again came the soldiers with a rush. 

The word to fire did not come until they were nearer 
even than before, and the American bullets killed more 
of the British than they had done the first time. Again 
the British fell back. A third time they came up the 
hill, but the Americans had used up most of their powder 
and could only use their guns as clubs, so they were 
driven off the two hills and out of Charlestown. Breed's 
Hill is now commonl}' called Bunker Hill and on it stands 
Bunker Hill Monument, while the real Bunker Hill, 
about half a mile away, has no monument and is known 
as Charlestown Heights. 

In the last part of the battle many Americans were 
killed, and Tommy missed many of his companions when 
the troops got back to Cambridge. Tommy himself was 
suffering from a wound in the left arm where the bayonet 
of a British soldier cut him during the battle. 

Although the Americans lost many men in this battle, 
the British lost many more than they, and although the 
Americans lost the battle, thev were beaten onlv because 
they had used up all their ammunition. These farmer 
soldiers, with ver>^ scant supplies, had nearly beaten 
some of the ablest soldiers in the world at that time. 
The fierce fight that the Americans put up made General 
Gage and General Howe realize that to defeat these 
''rebels," as they called them, was going to be a very 
hard task. 

On July 2, 1775, Tommy saw General Washington ride 



RE\'OLl TIONARY BOSTON 



93 



into Cambridge, and, on the next day, take command of 
the army. The soldiers were brave, resolute men, but 
as an army they made a poor showing. Washington's 
task was to drill them so that the different Uttle groups 
and companies would work together and obey orders 




The Battle of Bunker Hill 

Boston Battery. Charlestown. British troops attacking 

From a contemporary print, entitled, "View of the Attack on Bunkers 
Hill, with the Burning of Charlestown, June 17, i775" 

exactly. All the summer, fall, and winter the training 
went on, and spring found the men very much improved. 
They had secured some supplies and cannon in various 
ways, and were beginning to feel that they wanted to be 
doing some fighting. The cannon came from a British 
fort, Ticonderoga, which had been captured, and every 
one of the colonies sent guns and other supplies. Much 



94 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



of the powder they made in small powder mills in the 
different towns, and the bullets were made bv meltinoj 
anything they found which was made of lead, as dishes, 
statues, spoons, etc. 




The Washington Elm, Cambridge, Mass.' 

"Under this tree Wasliington first took command of the American Army, 

July 3d, 1775/' 

Still keeping the town surrounded, Washington brought 
a force of men to Dorchester Heights, south of Boston, 
on the night of March 4, 1776. This hill was just as 
important as Bunker Hill, because soldiers with a few 
cannon there could force the British to leave Boston or 
be shot to pieces in the town. On the morning of March 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 95 

5th, when General Howe saw what Washington had done, 
he knew that he could stay m Boston no longer. It 
would not be possible to drive the Americans off this 
hill, because they now had cannon and a large supply of 
powder. 

On March 17, 1776, Howe and all his soldiers, together 
with all the rich Boston people who were still opposed 
to fighting against England, sailed out of Boston. These 




The Evacuation of Boston by the British 

people were called '' Tories," a name given to those in 
England who were friendly to the king. During the 
rest of the struggle of the colonies against England no 
more actual fighting was done in or around Boston, al- 
though this section of the country continued to do its 
part by furnishing soldiers, money, and suppHes as long 
as the war lasted. 

Tommy, who remained with \\^ashington's army, was 
now a man. He had lived through a time when the 
spirit of justice and freedom was so strong that even the 



96 BOSTOX AND HER STORY 

children tried to help when they knew that their country 
was being unfairh' treated. Tommy was a real American 
and willing, as all good Americans always have been, 
to fight and, if need be, to die, rather than to submit to 
unjust and unnecessary laws, forced upon the country 
to benefit people of another count ny^ We will leave him 
as a soldier with Washington, ready to continue the 

tA>A /vyx-u*^cX<.«,£^ ^rue cL^ \jo C^a. en. ^nsu^ cr\A^^v 



72^an 





Facsimile of the Conclusion of the Declaration of Independence 
In the writing of Jefferson, with the first three signatures 

fight until victory and peace should bring to him and to 
all the rest of the colonists the justice they were strug- 
gling for. 

A little more than three months after the British were 
driven out of Boston, the colonies declared that they no 
longer belonged to England. This was the Declaration 
of Independence. From this time, July 4, 1776, they 
have been the free nation, the United States of America. 
The fighting continued through a long and bitter war, 



RE\OLUTIOXAR\' BOSTON' 



97 



which at times seemed hopeless; but the justice of our 
cause brought help to us, and Washington's wonderful 
skill in making the best possible use of every opportunity 
hnally won success. Peace was made wdth England in 
1783, and our real Ufe as a separate nation began at 
that time. 



POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED 

1. England passed laws called Navigation Laws, requiring the 
colonies to trade only with England. This led to much smuggling and 
trouble in the colonies, and particu- 
larly in Boston. 

2. England, wishing to raise 
money from the colonies, printed 
stamps, and ordered them to be 
bought by the colonists and placed 
upon all their business papers. The 
people refused to do this, and the 
plan failed. Boston men were lead- 
ers in defeating this plan. 

3. England put taxes upon many 
kinds of goods that the colonists 
needed. The people would not buy 
the goods so taxed, and the taxes 
were taken off all except tea. 

4. The English king ordered that 
the people in the American colonies 
be made to buy the tea and pay the 
tax. In some places the colonists 
burned the tea sent over for this 
purpose, while in Boston the town people threw the tea into the har- 
bor, December 16, 1773. 

5. The king and his friends felt that Boston was the leader in all 
the trouble, so she must be punished severely. 

6. To punish Boston, her port was closed to all vessels, her right of 




Bunker Hill Monument 



98 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

government by electing officers was taken away, and soldiers were 
sent to rule the town and the whole Colony of Massachusetts. 

7. A body of British troops sent to arrest John Hancock and Samuel 
Adams, tw^o Boston leaders ^^■ho were staying in Lexington, fired upon 
and killed several Americans. This started a battle, in which the 
British were badly defeated and chased back to Boston, April 19, 1775, 
now celebrated as Patriots' Ti'dy. x\n army of Americans then surrounded 
the tow^n. 

8. American soldiers fortified Bunker's and Breed's Kills in Charles- 
town, hoping to drive the British from Boston. The British attacked 
the Americans here, and the Americans were driven out, June 17, 1775. 
The Americans \vere greatly encouraged, because they gave up the 
hills only when their powder was gone. 

9. George Washington became commander of the army, July 3, 
1775. He fortified Dorchester Heights, jMarch 4, 1776, and made the 
British leave Boston, March 17, 17^6. This wms the end of actual 
lighting around Boston. March 17th is called Evacuation Day, mean- 
ing the day the British evacuated, or went out of, Boston. 

10. On July 4. 1776, the colonies declared themselves to be free, 
and after a long, bitter war made peace with England. They became a 
free nation, the United States of America, on September 3, 1783. 



QUESTIONS ON MAP OF 1775 

1. At what points has the shore line been built out farthest? Why? 

2. Locate Beacon Hill, Copp's Hill, and Fort Hill. 

3. In what direction is Bunker Hill from Boston? 

4. In w^hat direction is Dorchester Heights from Boston? 

5. Locate Faneuil Hall. 

6. Locate the Old South Church. 

7. Locate the Old North Church and Christ Church. 

8. Locate the Old State House. 

9. Locate Hanover Square. 
10. Locate Griffin's Wharf. 



REVOLUTIONARY BOSTON 



99 




Approximate Map of Boston about 1775 



VI. MODERN BOSTON 

When Boston was first settled by John Winthrop's 
colony, there was much less land than there is now, and 
it was of very different shape. Some of the hills that 
were there at first have been cut down so much that they 
are not half so high as they w^ere. The earth that was 
taken from them was used to fill in places where there 
was shallow water. In this way dr>^ land now appears 
where Winthrop's people saw water. Along what was 
the shore of the liarbor in early days, dirt and solid 
matter of different kinds have been dumped, so that the 
shore is much farther out than it was. In this way 
there has been made much more dry ground for Boston. 

The Puritans in 1630 found a hilly peninsula, in shape 
something like a pear, with the thick end of the pear 
extending out into the water, while the stem was a very 
narrow strip of low land joining the peninsula to the 
mainland. From the neck to the harbor end of the 
peninsula was about three miles, and the broadest 
part of the thick end of the pear was only a little more 
than a mile wide, while the neck itself was but a few 
hundred feet wide. 

The coves and creeks have been filled in, as well as 
the two broad, shallow bays which were found at first 
on either side of the strip of land that joined the pen- 
insula to the mainland. This work, together with that 

100 



JMODERX BOSTON 



lOI 



of building (Hit the shore Une into tlie liarbor, has made 
the peninsula about two and one half times as large as 
it was at first, and its general shape is now more nearly 
that of a rectangle than of a pear, The difference in 
size and shape is clearly show^n by the map on page 145. 
Being shut in on nearly all sides by water, the early 



;^-^'.'^' ^-p^^ .^siKi*''^-'- •• .V, 




Boston in lygo 

The point of view is at the western end of the State House on Beacon Hill. 
The Common, with the great elm, is in the foreground. The south part of 
the town, with the Neck are beyond, and in the background are Dorchester 
Heights. Trom a print in the Massac/iusclts Magazine for X(nember. i7go. 

colonv seemed to be kept together on the peninsula 
itself. Other people began settlements in various spots 
on the shores of the rivers and bays surrounding Boston 
and even on some of the islands in the harbor. These 
other settlements grew into to\Mis and some into cities 
as Boston did, with the result that a number of separate 
communities developed within sight of Boston itself. 
Some of these places, after a while, found that things 



I02 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

would be better in many ways if they were a part of 
Boston, so they were joined to that city and became 
just as much a part of it as the original piece of land 
settled by Winthrop's men. East Boston, occupying two 
islands in the harbor, was the first addition, one island, 
Breed's Island, joining Boston in 1635, ^^^ the other. 
Noddle Island, in 1637. Next came South Boston in 
1804, then Roxbury in 1868, Dorchester in 1870, Brighton, 
Charlestown, and West Roxbury in 1874, and Hyde 
Park in 191 2. These additions to the original town have 
made it extend to more than thirty times the size of the 
first pear-shaped strip of land. On February- 23, 1822, 
Boston changed her government from that of a town to 
that of a city. There have been changes in the form of 
the city government at difTerent times, and at present 
a mayor and a city council rule the city. 

The fine harbor is protected from the open sea by the 
many islands. This made it a natural thing for Boston 
to develop the business of trading with places easiest to 
reach by water, so the people have seen to it that the 
harbor should be cared for and its natural advantages 
developed. In this way they have attracted to the 
harbor the vessels engaged in that business and have 
been able to take good care of these vessels when the>' 
came. 

The building out of the shore line and the filling in 
of the shallow ba}^s and coves have carried the land area 
out to within easy reach of deep water, and the digging 
of the bottom of the harbor deeper in many places, has 
made it possible for the largest ships in the world to 



MODERN BOSTON 



103 



come in safely and easily to the large wharves that have 
been built to receive them. The ''made land," as the 
filled-in places are called, has provided room for the 
building of great warehouses, where goods of all kinds 
may be stored, and of railroad tracks and wagon roads 
leading to the wharves and warehouses. 

Trading with other places means that goods are brought 




Making Land with a Suction Dredge 

All the land in the center of this picture has been filled in by means of a 
huge pipe which can be seen extended out into the water. The drgd^e-'-'^ucks 
up mud from the bottom of the harbor and empties it through thi^pipe in the 
place that is being built up. Photograph by permission of the Mass. Dept; 
of Waterways. -... 

from those places as well as taken to them. Usually a 
place sells the things it produces more of than the people 
of that place can use, and buys the things it cannot 
raise or make. This exchanging of goods between differ- 
ent places is called ''commerce," and a place where a 
large amount of this sort of business is done is called a 



I04 BOSTOx\ AND HER STORY 

''commercial center." From the amomit of commerce 
carried on in the city, Boston may be called a true com- 
mercial center. 

Wharves and warehouses alone are not enough for 
carrying on trade with other places, as there must be 
goods to send to these places. Boston supplies these 
goods in two ways: by manufacturing some in the city 
and by acting as receiver for goods that are brought from 
places outside. On the " made land," as well as in the 
older part of the city and its more distant parts, there is 
plenty of room for all the buildings that will be needed 
for many years to come for the purpose of manufacturing 
goods of many kinds. These buildings, both large and 
small, are used as factories and shops for making many 
things of many different kinds. 

Although very large quantities of goods are made in 
Boston, it has ahvays been the wish of the manufacturers 
to produce a smaller quantity of extra good articles 
rather than a large quantity of goods made not quite so 
w^ll. For this reason, goods made in and near Boston 
are known to be the work of ver}^ careful workmen, who 
take pride in making extra good things. The business 
of manufacturing is called '' industry," and Boston has the 
right to be called an "industrial center." 

Goods produced in near and distant parts of the 
country are brought to Boston to be taken, together with 
things made right in the city, by water to other places. 
Likewise, goods brought by water to Boston, as well as 
many of the things made in her own factories, are carried 
to all parts of the country. To do this work, there must 



MODERN BOSTON 



lOS 



be some way of carrying these things to the places that 
need them. 

Great vessels, both steam and saihng ships, come in 
and go out of Boston harbor regularly, carrying goods to 




Part of the Waterfront on the North of Boston Harbor 

Showing steamships, docks, warehouses, and factories. By permission o) 
Mass. Dept. of Waterways. 

and from all parts of the world. Lines of railroad tracks 
join Boston to all the parts of North America where 
there are many people living, and these, with many 
electric railroads and roads for great motor trucks, carry 
an endless stream of goods by land, back and forth be- 
tween Boston and the other places that have things to 



io6 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



exchange. This carrymg of goods from one place to 
another is called ''transportation," and since Boston is 
so well provided with different ways of carr\dng goods, 
the city may be called a ''transportation center." 

The buying and selling of goods, the building and care 
of wharves, warehouses, and factories, the producing of 
raw materials and the manufacturing of goods, the steam- 
ship lines, railways, and other ways of carrying goods, 




Railroad Tracks at the South Station 

all call for money. This money must be raised from the 
people, in large or smaller amounts, by their lending it 
to banks and banking companies, and these companies 
in turn look out for the money needs of the different 
Unes of work. They look after the payment for goods, 
the building, caring for, and running of railroad and boat 
lines, warehouses, and factories. Managing the money 
business oi a community is called ''finance." Boston ha$ 



MODERN BOSTON 



107 



a number of large banks, trust companies, and other 
financial companies, that handle an immense amount of 
money in this way every year, so Boston is also a ''finan- 
cial center." 

In addition to the high rank among the cities of the 




Part of the Waterfront on the South Side of Boston Harbor 

Showing wharves, freight-sheds, warehouses, and factories. By permission 
of Mass. Dept. of Waterways. 

world which she holds by reason of her commerce, indus- 
try, and finance, Boston is noted for another reason. 
From the very earhest days of the Puritan colony, the 
Boston people have felt that one of the most important 
things in their life is the educating of their children. At 



io8 BOSTON AXD HER STORY 

first the boys alone were sent to school, so that the colon}^ 
might never be without men trained to be ministers of 
the Gospel. Later, the people realized that both boys 
and girls needed schooling for their own greater happiness 
as well as for success in life. 

To-day Boston has a system of schools that provides her 
people of all ages with the means for studying along 
almost any line. For the children there are excellent 
schools, both public and private, training the children 
from the kindergarten through the high schools of various 
types. A normal school for the training of teachers and 
various colleges in and near Boston for general education 
or for special training in many lines turn out men and 
women wtU prepared to carry on their chosen w^ork. For 
children who must leave school at an early age, there are 
classes which they attend for a few hours each week 
while they are employed. For working folks there are 
evening schools, wdth courses that offer them chances to 
improve their training in mam^ different wa}'s. Besides 
the schools, there is a splendid system of libraries, an 
art museum, and exhibition places of many kinds. Indeed, 
there are so many, opportunities of all sorts, that no 
person of any age need lack an education, if he is willing 
to use the means that are offered. By giving all these 
advantages to her people Boston has earned the right to 
be called one of the leading "educational centers" of 
the world. 

In addition to the educational care that a city gives to 
her people, there is a sort of care that makes them better 
citizens by looking after the improvement of health. 



IMODERX BOSTON 



109 



satisfying the religious needs, and providing suitable 
places for amusement and recreation. The large number 
of excellent hospitals and the many ways of watching 
over the living conditions within the city help to improve 
the health of the Boston people. Few cities can compare 




King's Chapel 
Built in 1754 

with Boston in the number of beautiful churches and in 
the number of different religious societies to be found 
there. The extensive park system, provided by the 
government, and the great variety of amusement places 
owned by citizens furnish the people all the recre- 
ation they need. The things that make a person a better 
citizen of the place where he lives are called "social 
advantages." Boston is a real ''social center." 



no BOSTON AxND HER STORY 

Boston of to-day is spoken of as being divided into 
different sections. The City Proper, as it is called, takes 
in the original city, with the land gained by filling in the 
bays and coves that cut into the original peninsula and 
by extending the shore hne out to deeper water. The 
towns and cities that have been joined to Boston are 
still known by their earher names, although thev are 
now parts of the city itself. Thus we have East Boston, 
South Boston, Charlestown, Brighton, Dorchester, Hyde 
Park, Roxbury, and West Roxbury. 

There are also parts of the city known for many years 
by special names, and these names still continue to be 
given to those places. In the City Proper, we find the 
section northwest of Beacon Hill, extending to the water 
both north and west, known as the North End, while 
the land west from Beacon Hill as far as the Charles 
River is called the West End. Where the Charles River 
formerly widened out into a large bay west and south- 
west of Beacon Hill, is known now as the Back Bay. 
All this section has been filled in except the river itself. 
The bays on both sides of the narrow strip of land that 
joined the early Boston to the mainland have been filled 
in, and most of this part is kno\vn as the South End. The 
very heart of the city, where the largest part of the first 
colony was located, and which is now the business center 
of the city, is called the Business District. 

In the same way, there are smaller parts knovm by old- 
time names, such as Fort Hill and South Cove in the 
Business Section, the Batterv', or the North Battery, in 
the North End, City Point in South Boston, Orient 



MODERN BOSTON 



III 



Heights in East Boston, Allston in Brighton, Grove Hall 
and Jamaica Plain in Roxbury, Roslindale and Forest 
Hills in West Roxbury, and Mattapan, Neponset, and 
Savin Hill in Dorchester. All these names and many 
others are but names given to smaller parts of the city. 




Commonwealth Avenue in the Back Bay 

Soon after Boston was founded, some of the colonists 
preferred to make homes in other parts of the land out- 
side of the town itself. These people were successful and 
made themselves ver\^ comfortable, but found that they 
could not do without Boston wholly, since ships from 
England came to Boston, and anything that they received 
from or sent to England must go through Boston. As 
the years went by, this fact became true to a greater and 



112 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

greater degree, so these settlements were bound closely 
to Boston, using that city as a central point for trading 
with other places. 

As commerce and industry grew in Boston, they also grew 
in the places outside, with the result that we find Boston 
acting as a trading center for these nearby places as well 
as for her own city and districts. What is true of the 
commerce and industry is just as true of the transpor- 
tation and financial affairs, so that Ecston is the business 
center not only of her own large area, but also of a group 
of forty-three smaller cities and towns located within a 
few miles of the city. As far as the business life of these 
places goes, they are connected as closely to Boston as 
if they were a part of that city. This group, together 
with Boston itself, is known as Greater Boston, and it is 
really only in the matter of the governm.ent of the differ- 
ent cities and towns that they should be considered 
apart from Boston.^ 

1 In the matter of the number of people living within the limits of 
the city and the amount of business done, Boston ranks among the 
largest cities of the country. In the case of Chicago and Philadelphia 
and probably other hrge cities having about the same area as Boston, 
the business activity ends practically at the Hmits of the city, and then 
farming areas are found. For miles around Boston, in every direction 
except eastward the business and industrid life continues, so that the 
real business Boston extends throughout Greater Boston and beyond. 
This whole region should be considered in recording the importance of 
Boston as a business center, and if this were done, Boston would rank 
almost at the top of the list of American business cities. 

The following cities and towns would probably be included with 
Boston in Greater Boston. Arlington. Bedford. Belmont. Braintree, 
Brookline, Cambridge, Canton, Chelsea. Cliftondale, Dedham, Everett 



T^IODERN BOSTON 



113 




Map of Greater Boston 



Hingham, Holbrook, Hull, Lexington, Lynn, Maiden, Medford, Melrose, 
Milton, Needham, Newton, Norwood, Peabody, Quincy, Randolph, 
Reading, Revere, Salem, Saugus, Somerville, Stoneham, Wakefield, 
Waltham, Watertown, Waverly, Wellesley, Weston, Weymouth, Wil- 
mington, Winchester, Winthrop, and Woburn. 

Beyond these is another series of cities and towns, not usually con- 
sidered in connection with Boston, but very closely tied to Boston in 
business matters. Among these are Beverly, Billerica, Brockton, Clinton, 
Concord, Danvers, Foxboro, Framingham, Lincoln, Marlboro, Natick, 
Stoughton, Walpole, and many others. In fact, the influence of Boston 
does not stop at the limits of the city, but extends to the business life 
of a very large part of all New England. 



114 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 




Scene in the Public Gatiden 



Boston is full of wonderful things, but many people 
who see them every day have become so used to them 
that they pass them by without paying much attention 
to them. It is only when strangers come to the citv 
that the real importance of these great things is brought 
to the notice of the inhabitants by the surprise and 
delight which they give to the visitors. Within and 
near the city are many, many places where great happen- 
ings in history took place. From ^Tr}' small beginnings, 
immense business places have grown up^ Amazing 
things have been done by engineers and builders to make 
things better in many ways for the people of Boston. 
Let us look at a few of these more closely, and see 
if they are not worth more notice than we give them. 



MODERN BOSTON 1 15 

A Different Way of Seeing Boston 

For many years, Boston has been visited, usually during 
the summer, by the members of many different societies 
and business organizations, who come to the city for 
conventions, or meetings, at which much important busi- 
ness is done. The people who come to these meetings 
from distant places like to see the things worth seeing 
in the city in which the convention is held. Boston is a 
favorite place for holding these meetings, because there 
are so many interesting and beautiful things to be seen. 

One summer, when a large organization held its con- 
vention in Boston, there was one man who came with 
the visitors, who did not care to see the sights in the 
ordinary way. The usual method of seeing the place 
used by people visiting a city is to hire sight-seeing cars 
and automobiles. This man preferred his own plan. 

He was very fond of children and wanted to be with 
boys and girls whenever he could. His custom in visiting 
a strange city was to leave the hotel at which he was stay- 
ing during his visit, and to walk to the nearer parts of 
the city, or to ride in an electric car or automobile to the 
more distant parts. When he reached a locality that 
he wished to explore, he would look around for a boy or 
girl who looked as if he lived in that section. He would 
ask the child what there was of interest nearby which 
the child could show him and tell him about. 

He tried this plan in Boston, and the following stories 
were told by the boys and girls whom he met in his visits 
to different parts of the city. 



ii6 BOSTON .\ND HER STORY 

The fourteen chosen ones were: 

Henry Clay Davis West End 

Giuseppe Angelo North End 

Jennie Harpagian South End 

Ralph Carleton Back Bay 

Alice Thompson Business Section 

Mary Lawton Brighton 

Patrick McCabe Charlestown 

Gerald Stanton Dorchester 

Anna McDonald East Boston 

Etta Petersen Hyde Park 

Rachel Sondberg Roxbury 

Frank Koslauski South Boston 

August Holzman West Roxbury 

Henry Baker Business Section 

I. Henry Clay Davis from the West End 

The West End of the city was a very fine part of the 
city many years ago, as many very rich people lived 
here. The w^ll-built houses show that it must have been 
a very nice place once, and it is still. INIany more people 
Hve here now than did then, but most of these people 
were born in foreign countries. In my street there are 
fifteen boys who play together whose fathers all come 
from different countries. We call them the League of 
Nations, and I tell them that I am the only real American 
in the crowd because my grandfather was a slave in 
Kentucky years ago; but they always get mad and 
chase me then. 

The best place in the neighborhood is at the foot of 
the hill, where the Charles River is. On the bank of the 



MODERN BOSTON 117 

river a cement wall has been built, with an iron railing 
at the edge, and a great, wide cement sidewalk runs 
along the side of the river for a long distance. This is 
called Riverbank, and it is a great place for running or 
roller-skating. At one end of the walk, there is a small 
park with green grass and trees, where the people can 




The State House 
By permission of Luke J. Doogue. 

go on hot days to cool off. This is called Charlesbank, 
and in one corner of this park is a playground where the 
boys and girls can play all sorts of games, and where 
many great athletic meets, or contests, have been held. 

A short way from Charlesbank is the Massachusetts 
General Hospital. This has been here for more than a 
hundred years, and many wonderful things havQ been 
done here to help sick people. Of course some of the 
buildings are not as old as that, but the very first build- 
ing is still standing and in use, and it was built in 181 2. 



Ii8 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

In 1846, they used ether here for the first time in the 
world in operating upon a sick person. I think that the 
best thing they ever did in this hospital was done last 
winter, when they cured my mother of pneumonia after 
our doctor said she was going to die. 

The grandest thing in the whole city is the great, big 
State House on the top of Beacon Hill. Here the governor 
and all the officers run the affairs of the whole state of 
Massachusetts. There is a room in this building where 
flags of the different Massachusetts regiments which 
fought in all our wars are kept. This is called the Hall 
of Flags, and is only one of many very interesting rooms. 
You can see the original agreement made by the Pilgrims 
for governing their settlement. This paper was written 
and signed on board the Mayflower before they landed, 
and is called the "Mayflower Compact." You could go 
in this building every day for a month, and find some- 
thing every time that you did not see before. My father 
says that even if he does net own the house we live in, 
he owns part of the best house in Massachusetts, be- 
cause every citizen in the state owns part of the State 
House. 

2. Giuseppe An gel from the North End 

Some people call the North End ''Little Italy," be- 
cause so many of the folks living there were born in 
Italy, but we are all good Americans, and we love the 
American flag even more than we love the flag of Italy. 
There are many places here in the North End where great 
things happened long before we were born — things that 



MODERN BOSTON IIQ 

helped in the war to make the United States a free 
count r}\ Paul Revere Uved in this part of the city, and 




Hall of Flags, State House 



he was the man who rode off through the country to 
warn the people that the British troops were marching 
out to Lexington and Concord. He waited on the shore 
in Charlestown until lights were flashed from lanterns in 



I20 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

a church steeple, to tell him which way the soldiers were 
going. 

It is not certain which one of two churches was used 
to show these lanterns. In North Square stood the Old 
North Church, which Paul Revere attended, and which 
was torn dow^n for iirew^ood by the British soldiers during 
the Revolutionary War. Not very far from this, on 
Salem Street, stands Christ Church, which also has the 
name of being the church from which the signal was given 
to Paul Revere. There is a tablet on the outside of this 
church stating that this is so. No one knows exactly 
which one of the two churches was used, as some records 
state that the North Square church probably was the 
right one, while others give this honor to Christ Church, 
w^hich is now commonly called the "Old North Church." 

In the northern part of the North End is Copp's 
Hill, a low hill near the water. This is what is left of 
one of the three high hills where the first settlers in 
Boston lived. The hill has been almost all cut down. 
On this hill are four old burying grounds, that are now 
considered as one and called the " Copp's Hill Burying 
Ground." Here are buried many of the prominent people 
who lived in Boston years ago, and here are graves that 
were made as long ago as 1660. If we ever wonder how 
some of the streets in the North End got their names, 
we can go into this burying ground and find that the 
names on the graves of persons who have done great 
things for Boston have been given to many of the streets 
in the North End. 

In the whole city, I think the most wonderful thing 



I^IODERN BOSTON 



121 



is the Postoffice Building in Postoffice Square. Here 
much of the mail for the city is handled, but that is not 
the most important thing about it. In some of the large 
rooms upstairs is the United States Court, where they 
actually make Americans. Men born in foreign countries 




Post Office and Federal Building 

who have been in the United States for five years can 
come here, after making out some papers, and answer 
certain questions. If they show that they are the kind 
of men who make good citizens, they are given papers 
stating that they have become real citizens of the 
United States. My father and my three uncles were 



122 BOSTON .WD HER STORY 

Italians when they went into those rooms, and they 
came out Americans. More men go from the North 
End to be made Americans in this way than from almost 
any other part of the city. 

3. Jennie Harpagian from the South End 

One of the largest sections of the city is the South 
End. It was intended to be a place for the comfortable 
homes of the business people of the city and was once 
the most fashionable part of the city. 

In the southwest corner of this section, at Massa- 
chusetts Avenue and Albany Street, is a group of twenty- 
six large buildings that are used by the Boston City 
Hospital. Here the people of Boston can get any sort 
of treatment needed. It is free to poor folks and charges 
a reasonable price to those able to pay. This is one of 
the best hospitals in the countr\^, and some of the most 
skillful doctors in the world are here. This hospital 
makes the people feel satisfied that they can be well 
cared for whatever sickness may come to them. 

Near the center of this district, on Warren Avenue, 
stands the Public Latin School building. This school is 
the oldest public school in the United States. It was 
started in 1635 on School Street near where the City 
Hall now stands, and has continued, in various buildings, 
to the present day. A new building for this school is to 
be built very soon, which will be the sixth building 
occupied by it. 

Boston Common is located in the center of the city, 
running from Tremont to Beacon Streets, and from 



MODERN BOSTON 



123 



Park Street to Boylston and Charles Streets. In 1634, 
the town of Boston set this land aside as a place for the 
cattle owned by the people to graze on, and it has re- 
mained a public place ever since. While the British 




Boston City Hospital 

Before the newest additions have been made. B}- permission of Luke J. 

Doogue. 

soldiers were in Boston at the time of the Revolution, 
many of them camped upon the Common. The children 
have used it as a playground, and the citizens have had 
it for a training field for their companies of town soldiers. 
To-day it is used as a park, with benches and shade 
trees, while a large part on the Charles Street side is 
used for a playground — for baseball and other games. 



4. Ralph Carleton from the Back Bay Section 

About twenty-five years after Boston was settled, 
Captain Keayne, a rich Boston man, died, and in his 



124 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

will he left some money for a building that should be a 
public meeting place for the people of Boston. In one 
part of this house were to be placed certain of his books, 
which he gave to the town, and they were to be lent to 
the people. This started the first public Ubrary in 
America. From this small beginning the Boston Pubhc 
Library has grown until it has not only the beautiful 
building in Copley Square, but many branch libraries 
and reading rooms in all parts of the city. Hundreds of 
thousands of books now belong to the Boston Public 
Library and may be used by all the people. 

Perhaps there is no other one thing in the city that 
gives the people as much chance for enjoyment and study 
as this great collection of books. The library building 
in Copley Square is very attractive on the outside. It 
is filled with books of all sorts, valuable pictures, and 
many collections of curious and interesting things, while 
even the walls themselves are decorated with beautiful 
paintings. In the size of its building and in the number 
of books belonging to it, the Boston Public Librarv^ is 
one of the largest in the country. 

On Huntington Avenue, about ten minutes walk from 
the Pubhc Library, is the group of buildings known as 
the jMuseum of Fine Arts. This is a place where col- 
lections of paintings, statues, and all sorts of beautiful 
things are kept. Pictures and other articles from all 
parts of the world are found here, and there are but few 
places in the world that have collections to equal them. 
It does not belong to the city, but is supported by money 
given for the purpose by people interested in art. 



IVIODERN BOSTON 



125 



When Boston was first settled, the Charles River spread 
out into a broad, shallow bay, which, on one side, came 
up to what is now Charles Street, at the west side of the 
Common. About sixty years ago, this bay was filled in. 




Boston Public Library 
By permission of Luke J. Doogue. 

and the city made part of the new land nearest the 
Common into a park. Instead of being a playground for 
the people, it was made into as beautiful a spot as possi- 
ble, with plants, trees, flower-beds, a pretty httle lake 
with a fancy bridge crossing it, and cool, shady walks. 
They called it the Public Garden, and it is probably the 
prettiest spot in the city. 



5. Alice Thompson, the Business Section 

The Old South Church is the most interesting place in 
the business section of the city. This church is the place 
where many very important meetings were held by the 



126 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



colonists in Boston. Whenever a very large number of 
people came to a meeting in those days, the meeting was 
sure to be held in the Old South Church, because it was 




The Market District 
Showing Faneuil Hall and Quincy Market. 

the largest place of the kind in the town. It was built 
in 1670, and in 1729 was replaced by a newer building, 
which is still standing. It is not now used as a church, 
but is filled with relics of Revolutionarv times, old 



MODERN BOSTON 1 27 

pictures, books, furniture, and many other things, that 
show us how the colonists Hved many years ago. 

Of all the places in Boston that remind us of the great 
things that happened in this city long ago, the Old State 
House, at the corner of State and Washington Streets, 
seems to give us the most things of interest. The first 
building on this spot was built in 1657 and was burned 
down in 171 1. A second building was erected there the 
following year, and that in turn burned down in 1747, 
leaving only the brick outer walls standing. It was re- 
built in 1748. The old walls were used, and the build- 
ing put up at that time is the one we see to-day. 
Within the last few years an attempt has been made 
to make the place look as nearly as possible as it did 
in colonial days. The building is now in the care of the 
Bostonian Society. It is filled from top to bottom with 
all sorts of things of interest to those folks who like to 
think about old Boston. These things may be seen by 
any one who cares to visit the building. 

6. Mary Lawton from Brighton 

The busiest place in Brighton is the stockyard section 
near the railroad. Here hundreds of cattle are brought 
from all parts of New England to be sold. Most of these 
go to the slaughter houses, where they are killed and 
prepared for food. The yards are divided off into large 
pens into which the cattle are sorted as they are brought 
in. It is a very lively place when a large shipment of 
cattle comes in. 



128 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

The most beautiful street in this part of the country 
runs through Brighton. This is Commonwealth Avenue, 
which starts at the west side of the Public Garden and 
runs out through the Back Bay Section and through the 
entire length of the Brighton District. It is a grand, 
wide street, being two hundred feet from one sidewalk to 
the other. In the middle of the street is a wide space 
with lawns and flower-beds on both sides of a center 
walk. On this parkway in the center of this street are 
also many large, beautiful shade trees. It is a street of 
fine homes, and from one end to the other is found hardly 
a house that could not be called a mansion. A large 
part of this street is in Brighton, and in that part are 
some of the best houses, so Brighton claims Common- 
wealth Avenue as one of its ver^^ best things. 



7. Patrick McCabe from Charlestown 

All parts of Charlestown seem to slope upward toward 
the center of the town, where there is a long, high ridge 
made up of two hills joined together. These are Breed's 
Hill and Bunker Hill. From the top of these two hiUs 
it is possible to look right across the river into Boston. 
When the British soldiers were in Boston, the Americans 
tried to drive them out by making fortifications on these 
hills. Before they were able to get these fortifications 
finished, or even well started, the British soldiers at- 
tacked them and drove them out. 

The Americans fought very well and retreated only 
because they had no more powder, which made the 



MODERN BOSTON 



129 



Americans very proud of their soldiers. This "Battle of 
Bunker Hill," as it was called, was a defeat that was 
almost as good as a victory. There is a gray stone 
monument, finished in 1842, which is so tall that it can 




Battle Ship in the Dry Dock 
By permission of Mass. Department of Waterways. 

be seen •for a long distance. The monument stands 
on Breed's Hill, but it is called the Bunker Hill Monu- 
ment. 

On the shore at the southeast end of Charlestown is 
the Charlestown Navy Yard. This place belongs to the 
United States Government and is used as a place for 
building and repairing war vessels. A large part of the 



I30 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

yard is used for machine shops and other shops needed 
for iitting out these vessels. Almost always there are 
several warships of different classes tied up in the docks 
of the Navy Yard. Besides the workshops, there are 
large barracks where the sailors and marines, who act 
as guards, live, and where there are collections of books 
about the sea and the Navy, and interesting souvenirs of 
our war vessels of to-day as well as of years ago. Here 
also is found the Constitution, or Old Ironsides, the most 
famous of all American war vessels. 

8. Gerald Stanton from Dorchester 

Dorchester is the largest of all the parts of Boston, 
and it has a number of places w^ith very interesting stories 
dating way back to the earliest days of the Puritan settlers. 
On one of the highest hills in Dorchester, there is a white 
wooden church, called the Old Meeting House, and, be- 
cause of the first church on this hill, the hill is called 
Meeting House Hill. The first building on the spot was 
built in 1 63 1, only one year after the settlement of Boston. 
The present church is not the original one, as it has been 
remodeled several times, but it has been made to look 
nearlv as the first church looked. 

Another very interesting and important thirig is not 
an old thing, but a very new one. This is the Dorchester 
Tunnel, the latest underground tube for carr\dng passen- 
gers by electric cars and trains. Up to the present time, 
this tunnel runs only as far as the very beginning of the 
Dorchester District, but we all hope that it will come out 
to the center of the district before very long. Not very 



MODERN BOSTON 131 

many years ago, it was a long ride of an hour or more 
from the business part of Boston to Dorchester, but with 
the new tunnel it is possible to make the trip in less than 
half that time. This means a great deal to Dorchester, 




The South Station 

as people will enjoy living in a place which they can reach 
easily from their work. 

9. Anna McDonald from East Boston 

East Boston has a large park, called Wood Island Park, 
on the east side of the section. Most of this land was 
once under water, but has been filled in and finished into 
one of the best playgrounds in the city. There is a large 



132 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

space for baseball and other games, a running track, and 
an open-air gymnasium. This is a very good thing for 
East Boston, and many of her grown-up people, as well 
as boys and girls, have made great use of this place. 

On the harbor side of this district, there are many large 
docks and wharves for the loading of ocean steamers. 
The largest of these are the Cunard docks, where the 
great steamers of the Cunard line, the oldest line of 
steam vessels in the world, land their passengers and 
freight. Besides a place for the vessels to load and un- 
load, there are many large warehouses for storing goods 
waiting to be sent away and great grain elevators where 
wheat and other grains are stored, ready to be loaded into 
vessels. 

I think the greatest thing about Boston is the harbor. 
There are many islands scattered about in it, which 
protect the upper part of the harbor from sea storms. 
Channels, or roads of deep water, have been made and 
marked out, so that the largest ships that ever have been 
built can come safely up to the wharves near the city. 
A wonderful piece of work is now going on, which wall 
make Boston Harbor even better than it is. Under the 
water off the southeastern end of East Boston, they are 
digging to make a large area of deep water for an anchor- 
age basin, w^here a large number of vessels can come in 
and anchor safely while waiting for room at the wharves. 
The basin is being dug by a miachine that sucks up the 
dirt from the bottom, carries it through a big, long pipe, 
and empties it on the East Boston shore, where they are 
''making" land for more wharves and docks. 



MODERN BOSTON 133 

10. Etta Petersen from Hyde Park 

Hyde Park is the newest part of Boston, having been 
joined to the city on January i, 1912. Up to that time, 
it was a town by itself and had about sixteen thousand 
people. 

The most interesting thing in Hyde Park is the Nepon- 
set River, which winds its way across the whole width 
of the district. In many of its parts it flows along be- 
tween banks overgrown with bushes and trees, just like 
a stream a long distance out in the country. In other 
parts the banks are bare, and there are rocky places in 
the bed of the river, making little waterfalls, strong 
enough to furnish power to run small factories. Its chief 
value to the place is in its furnishing a natural park, 
which the people may enjoy by boating on the river 
and bathing in it. This is called the Neponset River 
Parkway. 

The most important thing in the district is the repair 
shop of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Rail- 
road, in the Readville section of the town. This is a 
large business, keeping hundreds of men busy making 
repairs upon cars and building new ones for the railroad. 
It occupies a large space near the railroad in Readville, 
and a large part of the people in this section are the 
families of the men who work in these shops. 

The thing in Boston that I think is the most important 
is the South Station, where our train lands us every time 
we go into the city. This station is an immense building, 
made of stone, with twenty-eight separate tracks where 



134 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

the trains load and unload. In the basement under the 
station is another complete station that is not in use as 
yet, but could easily be brought into use if needed, if 
the train yard outside the station is made larger. Many 
trains leave here every day, going long distances, and 
many more trains are used to csLvry the people who li\'e 
only a little way out from the city. It has been said that 
more people go in and out of the South Station by train 
every day than in any other station in the world. 

1 1 . Rachel Sondherg from Roxbury 

When you see a thing ever}^ day, you are not apt to 
realize how much it is worth to you, but that is not the 
way my family feels about Franklin Park. We li\^e 
right across the street from one end of this park, and 
there is nothing anywhere in the city that we like quite 
as much. It is so large that even if you went there every 
day, it would be a long time before you could see every 
part of it. 

There are places for picnics, pretty ponds and streams, 
rocky hills, and pleasant woody places. There are se- 
veral great animal houses, where there are all sorts of 
animals. There is a bird house with all kinds of wonder- 
ful birds from aU parts of the world. It is called Franklin 
Park because it was bought with some money left to the 
city by Benjamin Franklin, who was bom in Boston 
many years ago. 

I think that the best thing in the whole city is its 
system of parks. The city is supplied in every section 
with lovely parks that give opportunities for the people 



MODERN BOSTON 



135 



in the crowded parts of the city to see green grass and 
trees. The parks are of several different kinds, some at 
the seashore, others along the banks of the rivers near 
the city, and others just stretches of country. In some 
parts of the park system ponds have been made, as in 




Elephants in Franklin Park Zoo 
By permission of Luke J. Doogue. 

the Public Garden. In other parts of the city, streets 
have been widened and made beautiful for driveways and 
walks. Bathing beaches have been made and bath- 
houses built, while every section of the city has one or 
more playgrounds for games of all kinds. In the parks 
alone there is more than three times the amount of land 
that there was in the original peninsula upon which 
Boston was settled. 



136 



BOSTON AND HER STORY 



12. Frank Koslauski from South Boston 

In the Revolutionary War, when General Washington 
wanted to make the British soldiers leave Boston, he 




Monument on Dorchester Heights 
A memorial of the evacuation of Boston by the British. 



went over to South Boston, dragged some cannon up a 
high hill, and made a sort of earth fort there, planting 
his guns so that they pointed toward the British. The 
place at the top of the hill is called Dorchester Heights, 



MODERN BOSTON 



137 



because at that time South Boston belonged to the town 
of Dorchester. The British general looked at Wash- 
ington's guns through his spyglass, and decided that it 
was no disgrace to run when he was scared. In less than 
two weeks, every British soldier had left Boston. 




Beach at Marine Park 
Castle Island in the distance. By permission of Luke J. Doogue. 

The best part of this victory is the story, which may 
or may not be true, that Washington, not having enough 
cannon to make his fort as strong as he would like it to 
be, fixed up some logs of wood to look like cannon and 
set these up too. These were called ^^ Quaker guns," 
because they would not start any trouble any more than 
a Quaker would. There is a monument on Dorchester 
Heights, called the Evacuation Monument, put up to 



138 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

mark the departure of the British soldiers from Boston, 
March 17, 1776. 

At the farthest end of South Boston, known as City 
Point, is one of the best parks in the country. This is 
called Marine Park. It is a combination of beach and 
park. A long stretch of bathing beach with a large bath- 
house and pier and with a cement walk and benches near 
the beach makes it a pleasant place for rest and play. 
Running along the inside edge of the beach is a wide 
driveway for carriages and automobiles, and beyond the 
driveway there are shady walks and grassy lawns for 
picnic parties. There is also a bandstand, from which 
many free concerts are given. Near one end of the 
park is an aquarium in which fishes of almost every 
known kind are shown. I think that if a person could 
not find a fish there that he liked, he could not be very 
fond of fish. At the other end of the park is a boat- 
landing, and near it are several attractive buildings used 
by yacht clubs. Marine Park is a place of which the 
whole city of Boston should be proud. 

f 

13. August Holzman from West Roxbury 

The things in West Roxbury that are most worth seeing 
are the Arnold Arboretum and the Forest Hills Cemetery. 
The Arnold Arboretum is an immense garden, where 
trees, bushes, and plants of every kind that can be made 
to grow in this climate are cultivated. Some of the 
different varieties of common plants are grown side by 
side so that people can see how wonderful the common 



MODERN BOSTON 139 

plants really are. A person who loves plants can learn 
more about them from one visit to the Arboretum than 
he could in years of reading about them. 

The Forest Hills Cemetery is another very interesting 
place to visit. If it were not for the monuments and 
gravestones, this place w^ould make a visitor think that 
he had come to a very attractive park. Everything has 
been done to make it beautiful, and the lawns, flower-beds, 
trees, hedges, and well-kept walks make it look like the 
grounds around the house of some very rich man. 

14. Henry Baker from the Business Section 

At the corner of School and Tremont Streets, in the 
business section of the city, there is an old stone church, 
and beside it on Tremont Street is a burying ground. 
The gravestones are so worn that any one can see that 
they have been there a very long time. The church is 
King's Chapel, and the burying ground is King's Chapel 
Burying Ground. Here are buried many of the early 
leaders of Boston, including Governor John Winthrop 
himself. The place was used as a burial place long before 
the church was built, and the land the church is built 
upon used to be part of the burying ground. 

The Puritans who settled Boston came to this country 
because they no longer were willing to worship God in 
the way in which it was done in the Church of England, 
or Episcopal Church. Many years afterward, when the 
King of England sent governors from England to rule 
the colonies, the governors sent to Boston worshiped in 



I40 BOSTON AKD HER STORY 

the Episcopal church, and so did many of the people 
who came with them. In Boston there was no Episcopal 
church, and the people of Boston would not sell any 
land upon which to build a church for these people, 
neither would they allow them to use the Puritan churches 
for their services. 

The hated Governor Andros forced the people to let 
his friends use the Old South Church for their Episcopal 
services. Later he seized part of the old burying ground 
and built a Uttle wooden church in 1688, where the 
present church now stands. It was made as much like 
the churches in England as possible. In 1754 it was re- 
built of stone and enlarged, and that is the building that 
stands there now. I think the most interesting thing 
about the church is that in taking the land for a place to 
build it, Governor Andros was the first Enghsh ruler of 
the colony to do what he wanted to do in the colony, 
without regard to what the people of Boston thought 
about it or what their rights were in the matter. 

Another very interesting place is Faneuil Hall. It is 
called the '^Cradle of Liberty," and is known all over the 
United States as the place where the idea of fighting 
Great Britain to get back the rights she had taken away 
from the colonies was first spoken of in a public meeting. 
Many very important meetings have been held in this 
hall at different times in our historv^ This building was 
erected and paid for by Peter Faneuil of Boston, in 
1742, and given to the city by him, as a place for the 
town market to be held, with a hall for pubHc meetings 
upstairs. All he asked in return for this generous gift 



MODERN BOSTON 141 

was that the town of Boston should agree never to sell 
the building or use it for any other purpose than that of 
a market place and meeting place. The town agreed to 
this and named the building in his honor. 




The Custom House Tower 

The original building was burned down in 1762, but 
was soon rebuilt, and it has been enlarged and rebuilt 
two or three times. It still has the same appearance as 
in Peter Faneuil's time. The lower floor and basement 
are used as a market, divided up into many small stores, 
called stalls, where all sorts of .food may be bought. 
Upstairs is the meeting hall, with its walls covered with 



142 BOSTON AND HER STORY 

pictures of great men in American history. Many relics 
of old-time Boston are to be found here. 

Not very far from Faneuil Hall, and a little to the 
southeast of it, a gray stone tower can be seen. This is 
the tower of the new Custom House, and its top is the 
highest point in Boston. Near the top of the tower is 
a very large clock, with faces on four sides of the tower. 
These clock faces are so large that each hour figure is 
taller than a man, and when the clock is lighted up at 
night, they can be seen a long distance. 

From these stories, we can see how much these boys 
and girls knew about the interesting things in their city, 
and how well they told what they knew. 

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED 

1. The hills that were in Boston when it was settled have been 
cut down to less than half their first height, and the dirt has been used 
for filling in the shallow bays. 

2. The shore Hne has been built out by filling in the land so that 
with this land and that made by filling in the bays the peninsula is 
more than two and one half times as large as it was at first. 

3. Other cities and towns nearby have been joined to Boston, mak- 
ing the whole city more than thirty times the size of the original pen- 
insula. Brighton, Charlestown, Dorchester, East Boston, Hyde Park, 
Roxbury, South Boston, and West Roxbury were once separate places, 
but are now parts of Boston. 

4. The fine harbor which the Puritans found at Boston soon led 
the people into the business of trading by sea with Other places. 

5. Trading with other places is called commerce, and Boston is a 
commercial center because her commerce is so great. 

6. Boston also manufactures many things. The business of manu- 
facturing is called industry, and since so much of this is done here, 
Boston is also called an industrial center. 



■MODERN BOSTON 143 

7. Boston is noted for the unusual excellence of all her manufactures. 

8. Goods must be carried back and forth between places in order to 
trade. This carrying of goods, and people likewise, is called trans- 
portation. Because of her commerce, Boston has become a transpor- 
tation center. 

9. The business of collecting and handHng the money needed for 
commerce, industry, and transportation is called finance. Boston is a 
financial center, too. 

10. Boston has fine schools of all sorts and many other means of 
educating her people, so it is an educational center. 

11. Boston provides for the care of the health, religious needs, and 
recreation of her people, so it is called a social center. 

12. Within a few miles of Boston, there are forty-three cities and 
towns that are very closely tied to Boston in all their business afl[airs. 
This group, together with Boston, is known as Greater Boston. 

13. Boston is divided into thirteen principal sections, the Central 
or Business Section, North End, West End, South End, Back Bay, 
Brighton, Charlestown, Dorchester, East Boston, Hyde Park, Roxbury, 
South Boston, and West Roxbury. 

14. Some of the things most worth seeing in Boston are the State 
House, Boston Common, PubHc Garden, Park System, Boston Harbor, 
PubHc Library, Museum of Fine Arts, Old State House, Old South 
Church, Old North Church, Faneuil Hall, and Bunker Hill Monument. 



144 BOSTON AND HER STORY 



QUESTIONS ON MAP OF MODERN BOSTON 

1. Modern Boston is how many times as large as original Boston? 

2. Where has the shore line been built out most? Why? 

3. Where has the shore line been built out least? Why? 

4. Trace the outline of each part of Boston. 

5. Name the parts of modern Boston that were included in original 
Boston. 

6. Name the parts of modern Boston that touch what was original 
Boston but were not included in it. 

7. Locate Bunker Hill, Dorchester Heights, Franklin Park, Arnold 
Arboretum, Marine Park, Boston Common, and the Public Garden. 

8. Locate State House, Post Office, South Station, Custom House, 
Public Library, Museum of Fine Arts, and the City Hospital. 

9. Locate Old South Church, Christ Church and Old North Church, 
Old State House. 

10. Begin at the northeast and name the parts and districts of 
Boston. 



MODERN BOSTON 



US 




Approximate Map of Modern Boston 



— Shore Line 
--- Boundaries 

— Original Peninsula 
A Charlestown Dist. 
B East Boston Dist. 
C North End 

D West End 

E City Proper 

F South End 

G Back Bay 

H South Boston Dist. 

1 Dorchester Dist. 

I Roxbury District 



K West Roxbury Dist. 
L Hyde Park Dist. 
M Brighton Dist. 
... Streets 

1. Bunker Hill 

2. Navy Yard 

3. Wood Island Park 

4. Cunard Docks 

5. Charlesbank 

6. Mass. Gen. Hospital 

7. State House 

8. Copp's Hill Burying 

GrouQd 



0. Old No. Church Site 

10. Christ Church 

11. Old State House 

1 2. Post otifice Building 

13. Faneuil Hall 

14. Old South Church 

15. New Custom House 

16. South Station 

17. Common 

18. Public Garden 

19. Public Library 

20. Museum Fine Arts 

21. City Hospital 



Public Latin School 

Marine Park 

Dorchester Heights 

Old Meeting House 

Franklin Park 

Forest Hills Ceme- 
tery 

Arnold Arboretum 

Neponset River 
Parkway 

Commonwealth 
Avenue 

Dover Street 



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